Julius Caesar After Sulla left office Roman leaders battled for power supported by local armies Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey would eventually rule over Rome due to their wealth and success as military men yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy

Julius Caesar They formed the first Triumvirate Triumvirate-political alliance of 3 people

Julius Caesar Each member of the triumvirate had commanded remote areas of the republic Caesar- Gaul (France) Pompey- Spain Crassus- Syria

Julius Caesar Crassus was killed in 53 BC The Senate decided Pompey should come back and rule Rome alone.

Caesar’s Military Campaigns Julius Caesar Caesar’s Military Campaigns Caesar had many successful campaigns battling foreign tribes and invading Britain.

Caesar’s Military Campaigns Julius Caesar Caesar’s Military Campaigns In 49 BC the Senate ordered Caesar to give up his army and come home. If Caesar obeyed he could face prison or death at the hands of his rivals.

Caesar’s Military Campaigns Julius Caesar Caesar’s Military Campaigns The other option was to march on Rome and risk civil war. Caesar chose to march into Italy with his 5,000 soldier army crossing the Rubicon

Caesar’s Military Campaigns Julius Caesar Caesar’s Military Campaigns Pompey tried to stop Caesar but failed He drove Pompey’s army from Italy and then crushed it in Greece in 48 BC

Julius Caesar Caesar’s Rise to Power 44 BC Caesar declared himself dictator, breaking tradition that allowed dictators to hold power for only a short period.

Julius Caesar Caesar’s Rise to Power Caesar made reforms Granted citizenship to people living in Rome’s territory outside Italy Started new colonies to provide land for the landless Ordered landowners using slaves to hire more free workers Created a new calendar with 12 months, 365 days and a leap year

Julius Caesar Caesar’s Rise to Power The Julian calendar was used until AD 1582 when the Gregorian calendar was instituted based on the birth of Christ.

Julius Caesar Caesar’s Rise to Power While many supported Caesar, many did not. His enemies feared he wanted to be king. He was told to “Beware of the Ides of March” (March15th) On that date Senators led by Brutus and Cassius surrounded him and stabbed him to death.

Rome Becomes an Empire Caesar’s death plunged Rome into another civil war. On one side were the forces who had killed Julius Caesar On the other side was Octavian, Caesar’s grand nephew, and 2 generals; Antony and Lepidus Octavian also known as Augustus Caesar

Rome Becomes an Empire 2nd Triumvirate Octavian, Antony, and Lipidus Quarreled immediately Lipidus retired from politics Antony and Octavian divided the empire Octavian the West and Antony the East

Rome Becomes an Empire 2nd Triumvirate Octavian came into conflict with Antony after Antony fell for Cleopatra of Egypt and formed an alliance Octavian declared war on Antony

Rome Becomes an Empire 2nd Triumvirate In the Battle of Actium Octavian crushed the Army and Navy of Antony and Cleopatra The couple fled to Egypt and a year later they killed themselves as Octavian was closing in.

Rome Becomes an Empire 2nd Triumvirate This ended the period of civil wars Octavian laid the foundation for a new system of government-the Roman Empire

Rome Becomes an Empire Cicero A political leader and Rome’s greatest public speaker Called for a representative government with limited powers

Rome Becomes an Empire Cicero Cicero did not live to see Octavian rule Octavian took the title of Augustus or “The revered majestic one.”

Review What is a triumvirate? Who was Cicero? Who made up the first and second Triumvirate?