Mediterranean Society The Roman Phase

509 BCE Romans overthrow the last Etruscan King The Beginning 509 BCE Romans overthrow the last Etruscan King Surrounded by enemies Cincinattus – Military Values

Got Success? Diplomatic Crushed rebellions without mercy Great Military Practical – ROMAN ROADS

The Republic - Government Executive Branch 2 Consuls – Head of Government (Chosen yearly) 2 Praetors – In charge of civil law

Legislative Branch A) The Senate 300 Landowners B) Centuriate Assembly Class struggles lead to conflict  The Result C) Council of the Plebs

Patricians (Aristocrats) Vs. Plebeians (Commoners) Class Tension Patricians (Aristocrats) Vs. Plebeians (Commoners)

Controlling the Mediterranean The Punic Wars 1st Punic War (264 BC – 241 BC) Rome captures Sicily from Carthage 2nd Punic War (218 BC – 201 BC) Hannibal takes troops to Italy 3rd Punic War CATO – “And I think Carthage must be destroyed”

Controlling the Mediterranean The East Hellenistic Kingdoms Antigonids in Macedon Ptolemies in Egypt Seleucids – Anatolia and Syria 148 BC – Macedonia 146 BC – Greece 133 BC – Pergammum (Asia Minor)

1st Triumvirate Julius Caesar, Pompey and Crassus Crassus – Syria (died in battle) Julius Caesar – Gaul (the MAN) Pompey – Spain (Richest man in Rome)

1st Triumvirate Senate feared Caesar’s power Ordered Caesar out of his post He refused and brought his army to Rome “Crossing the Rubicon” Caesar emerges as the sole leader of Rome

Julius Caesar 47 BC – J. Caesar Dictator of Rome Gave land to the poor Increased senate to 900 (weakened) Granted citizenship to allies 365 Day Calendar Assassinated in 44 BC – ET TU BRUTE

Octavian – Antony – Lepidus 2nd Triumvirate Octavian – Antony – Lepidus Octavian vs. Antony Antony allied with Egyptian Queen Cleopatra VII Battle of Actium Octavian wins!!!

Massive Army – Praetorian Guard leads to expansion Augustus Caesar Octavian – “Restoration of the Republic” Named Augustus – “Revered One” Imperator of Rome (Emperor) Massive Army – Praetorian Guard leads to expansion

Problem of Succession After Augustus Dies Nobody Competent is Set to Rule 5 Bad Emperors Then… 5 Good Emperors (Pax Romana)

Pax Romana Expansion Greco Roman Culture Building Projects Literature Virgil – The Aeneid Horace – Satires and Vices Livy (Historian) – The History of Rome

Roman Art/Architecture Strong Greek Influence Greeks Romans Famous People Portraits Paying Customers Ideal Form Statues Real Form SAME – Rows, Columns , Rectangular Buildings, Concrete

Roman Law 450 BCE – The Twelve Tables “Innocent Until Proven Guilty” “Right to a Defense”