Clostridium difficile in Dutch animals: their presence, characteristics and similarities with human isolates M.G.J. Koene, D. Mevius, J.A. Wagenaar,

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Clostridium difficile in Dutch animals: their presence, characteristics and similarities with human isolates M.G.J. Koene, D. Mevius, J.A. Wagenaar, C. Harmanus, M.P.M. Hensgens, A.M. Meetsma, F.F. Putirulan, M.A.P. van Bergen, E.J. Kuijper Clinical Microbiology and Infection Volume 18, Issue 8, Pages 778-784 (August 2012) DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03651.x Copyright © 2012 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

FIG. 1 Minimum spanning tree analysis of 70 Clostridium difficile isolates from different animal species typed by multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA). The numbers within the circles represent isolate identification numbers. A total of seven loci have been tested, and each circle represents either a unique isolate or isolates that are 100% homologous. The number of differences between the loci is represented by the make-up of the lines connecting the circles (fat blue line = single locus variant, thin green line = double locus variant, purple dotted line = triple locus variant, dotted red line = quadruple locus variant, and dotted black line = pentuple locus variant). The sum tandem repeat difference (STRD) between distinct isolates is displayed on the lines. Isolates with an STRD ≤2 are defined as belonging to the same clonal complex (CC) and are enveloped in light grey shade. Isolates are regarded as genetically related when showing an STRD of ≤10 (enveloped in dark grey). Each animal species is reflected in the colour of the isolate number (avian = black, bovine = light blue, canine = green, equine = red, feline = pink, and porcine = purple), while the colour of the circles depicts the PCR ribotype (type 005 = brown, type 010 = green, type 012 = blue, type 014 = yellow, type 023 = gold, type 039 = pink, and type 078 = purple). Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2012 18, 778-784DOI: (10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03651.x) Copyright © 2012 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

FIG. 2 Minimum spanning tree (MST) analysis of Clostridium difficile isolates typed by multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) and recovered from human cases of CDI and from different animal species. A total of seven loci have been tested. Each circle represents either a unique isolate or isolates that are 100% homologous. The numbers within the circles represent isolate identification numbers. The number of differences between the loci is represented by the make-up of the lines connecting the circles (fat blue line = single locus variant, thin green line = double locus variant, purple dotted line = triple locus variant, dotted red line = quadruple locus variant, and dotted black line = pentuple locus variant). The sum tandem repeat difference (STRD) between distinct isolates is displayed on the lines. Isolates with an STRD ≤2 are defined as belonging to the same clonal complex (CC) and are enveloped in pink shade. Isolates are regarded as genetically related when showing an STRD of ≤10 (enveloped in green). Each animal species is reflected in the colour of the isolate number (avian = black, bovine = light blue, canine = green, equine = red, and feline = pink). (a) An MST based on PCR ribotype 012 isolates of human (n = 20) and animal origin (n = 10). (b) An MST on PCR ribotype 014 isolates of human (n = 20) and animal origin (n = 13). Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2012 18, 778-784DOI: (10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03651.x) Copyright © 2012 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions