Higher Education in Libya Challenges & Opportunities

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Presentation transcript:

Higher Education in Libya Challenges & Opportunities Prof. Naeem Abdurrahman (Al-Gheriany) The University of Tripoli Libya Higher Education Forum 2014: A Vision for the Future London, UK June 5 - 6, 2014

The Role of the University Education, or more specifically, higher education, is the pathway to the empowerment of people and the development of nations. Knowledge generation replaced ownership of capital assets and labor productivity as the source of growth and prosperity. Nations are scrambling to create institutions and organizations that would facilitate the process of knowledge creation. Knowledge creation requires a network of scholars actively engaged in its pursuit because the search for the unknown is a product of engaged minds, constantly challenging the known in an enabling environment. The modern university is the ideal space for the ecosystem of scholars to search for new ideas in a spirit of free inquiry.

State of Libyan Higher Education Higher Educations in Libya Universities, Technical Colleges and Technical Institutes 12 Universities 16 Technical Colleges 90 High Technical Institutes 380 Middle Technical Institutes Technical Institutes are under the National Authority of Technical and Vocational Education Approximately 500k Students > 400k at Universities > 70k at Technical Colleges and Institutes > 15k Study Abroad

Problems of Libyan HE Too many students and students not graduating on time Poor classroom, laboratory and library facilities Poor IT and computer systems Poor staff appraisal system and insufficient staff Lack of strategic perspectives Lack of international exposure

Problems of Libyan HE Random distribution of universities and colleges Distorted distribution of students with regard to fields of study Lack of QA standards and accreditation Total absence of Libyan universities from international or regional rankings Insignificant research output Problems start at elementary and secondary education Lack of autonomy and academic freedom Low levels of funding Stifling regulatory framework

Fixing Libya’s Higher Education Reform public HE Major reform through a master plan of Higher Education Improve governance and legal framework Increase funding Establishing new & independent World Class University Clean slate International standards

The WCU Race Today, many countries are trying to have world class universities and are competing for rankings Some have attend that in record times (China, India, Korea, Singapore) Some are in their way (Malaysia, Turkey, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia) Libya has the resources; but lacks the national will to develop a master strategic plan and allocate the required resources We need to learn from successful experiences of other nations

HE is an Integrated System WCU does not exist in vacuum but it’s part of an integrated education system National and regional universities Colleges and institutes Elementary and secondary education

Characteristics of WCU One can define WCU in terms of superior results in 3 areas Highly sought graduates Leading edge research Technology transfer Can be attributed to 3 complementary sets of factors at play in top universities High concentration of talent (faculty and students) Abundant resources to offer rich learning environment and to conduct advanced research Favorable governance features that encourage strategic vision, innovation and flexibility, and that enable institutions to make decisions to manage resources without being encumbered by bureaucracy

Characteristics of World Class Universities Concentration of talent Students Teaching Staff Researchers Internationalization Supportive regulatory framework Autonomy Academic freedom Leadership team Strategic vision Culture of excellence Public budget resources Endowment revenues Tuition fees Research grants Graduates Research Output WCU Abundant resources Favorable governance Technology Transfer

Libyan vs. WCUs: Some Data for Comparison Funding Enrollment Internationalization

Top 20 Universities in 2008, Shanghai Ranking (ARWU) University 1 Harvard 2 Stanford 3 UC Berkeley 4 Cambridge 5 MIT 6 Cal Tech 7 Columbia 8 Princeton 9 Chicago 10 Oxford 11 Yale 12 Cornell 13 UCLA 14 UC San Diego 15 Pennsylvania 16 Washington, Seattle 17 Wisconsin, Madison 18 UC San Francisco 19 Tokyo 20 Johns Hopkins

US University Endowments (2013)

World Class Universities Expenditures for Y2008 (World Bank) AWR THES University Expenditures Students $/Student 1 Harvard 3,170,650,000 29,900 106,042 2 17 Stanford 3,265,800,000 19,782 165,089 3 36 UC Berkeley 1,700,000,000 32,910 51,656 4 Cambridge 1,470,940,000 25,465 57,763 5 9 MIT 2,207,600,000 10,220 216,008 6 Cal Tech 2,287,291,000 2,245 1,018,838 7 10 Columbia 2,690,000,000 23,709 113,459 8 12 Princeton 1,196,570,000 6,708 178,380 Chicago 1,497,700,000 14,962 100,100 Oxford 1,081,350,000 23,620 45,781 11 Yale 2,100,000,000 11,851 177,200

World Class Universities Expenditures for Y2008 (World Bank) – Cont’d AWR THES University Expenditures Students $/Student 19 Tokyo 2,286,974,741 29,347 77,929 24 SWISS F 1,076,734,500 13,999 76,915 45 48 Copenhagen 1,023,804,249 31,098 32,922 47 67 Utrecht, Netherlands 925,697,362 27,175 34,064 51 Karolinska Inst, Sweden 550,449,908 7,932 69,396 55 93 Munich 501,296,087 22,236 22,544 59 16 Australian National 479,665,993 15,869 30,227 > 100 30 Singapore (NUS) 1,209,592,000 27,972 43,243 > 150 50 Seoul National 940,000,000 29,295 32,087 > 200 49 Trinity College Dublin 348,719,310 13,308 26,204 Tripoli (Libya) 223,846,154 87,112 2,570

Libyan Universities Budgets for Y2013 No. University Cat 1 (LYD) Cat 2 (LYD) Total (LYD) Student LYD/Student $/Student 1 Tripoli 191,000,000 100,000,000 291,000,000 87,112 3,341 2,570 2 Benghazi 167,000,000 150,000,000 317,000,000 82,400 3,847 2,959 3 Zawya 129,000,000 56,000,000 185,000,000 43,929 4,211 3,239 4 Umar Mukhtar 111,000,000 75,000,000 186,000,000 33,512 5,550 4,269 5 Mirgab 51,000,000 126,000,000 31,010 4,063 3,126 6 Western Mt 66,500,000 41,000,000 107,500,000 18,650 5,764 4,434 7 Misrata 57,000,000 31,000,000 88,000,000 16,206 5,430 4,177 8 Sabha 78,000,000 48,000,000 15,945 7,902 6,079 9 Sirt 44,500,000 35,000,000 79,500,000 10,811 7,354 5,657 10 Asmariya 13,000,000 10,000,000 23,000,000 3,996 5,756 4,428 932,000,000 597,000,000 1,529,000,000 343,571 4,450 3,423 1,176,153,846 Dollars

First-Year Enrollment & Projected Growth in US Medical Schools (AAMC 2012)

Student to Faculty and Foreign Faculty Ratios – 2007 (Salmi 2009) ARWU THES University Students Faculty Ratio Foreign Faculty % of Foreign Faculty 1 Harvard 29900 3788 8 1197 32 3 36 UC Berkeley 32910 1736 19 546 31 4 Cambridge 25465 3933 6 1627 41 5 MIT 2245 439 341 78 12 Princeton 6708 878 312 10 Oxford 23620 4197 1598 38 11 2 Yale 11851 2902 954 33 24 Swiss Fed Inst of Tech 13999 1578 9 821 52 59 16 Australian National 15869 1556 708 46 > 100 30 Singapore (NUS) 27972 2416 1198 50 > 200 49 Trinity College Dublin 13308 1552 622 40

Total Number of Students in Best US Medical Schools (Research) in 2014 - US News Rank Medical School Total Enrolment Tuition ($) 1  Harvard  708  52,100   2  Stanford  468  48,999   3  Johns Hopkins  484  45,750   4  UC ​San Francisco  632  32,106 /44,351  Pennsylvania 665  48,738   6  Washington, St. Louis  485  54,050   7  Yale  401  51,480   8  Columbia  655  51,484   Duke  430  49,940   10  Washington, Seattle 918  29,958 /58,947 

Total Number of Students in Best US Medical Schools (Primary Care) in 2014 - US News Rank Medical School Total Enrolment Tuition ($) 1  Washington, Seattle 918  29,958 /58,947   2  North Carolina 811  17,537 /44,416   3  Oregon Health and Science  528  38,428 /53,596   4  UC ​San Francisco  632  32,106 /44,351   5  Massachusetts  518  8,352  6  Minnesota  986  37,869 /49,764   Nebraska Medical Center  510  27,992 /67,604   8  Michigan  687  29,956 /47,904   9  Michigan State 1,252  40,112 /82,071   Wisconsin  698  23,807 /33,704   Tripoli (Libya)  > 16,000  Free 

Fixing Libya’s Higher Education Major reform through a master plan of Higher Education (California-type MP) Major investment in HE Land grants (Morill Act 1862) Endowments Internationalization Faculty Students Management Establishing World Class University

Thank you

الاوقاف وتاريخ تأسيس الجامعات الوقف مؤسسة اسلامية عريقة وضع فقهاء المسلمين فقها مفصلا للاوقاف وشروطها وعقودها وكيفية ادارتها وتصريفها أثر فقه الوقف الاسلامي في تطور الوقف (الوصاية Trust) في انجلترا نشرت الدكتورة مونيكا م. غوديوسي (Monica M. Gaudiosi) عام 1988 دراسة بينت فيها التأثير المباشر لمؤسسة الوقف الاسلامي على نظام الوقف فى انجلترا في عهد الملك هنري الثاني الذي كان على تواصل بالمسلمين في صقلية واستخدمت في الدراسة كنموذج تأسيس كلية مرتون (Merton College) نواة جامعة أكسفورد عام 1272 وتأثير ذلك على باقي كليات اوكسفورد وكمبردج فيما بعد تشريع منح الاراضي في امريكا عام 1862 (Morill Act) للولايات لتأسيس جامعات تهتم بالعلوم التطبيقية (قبل ذلك كان التعليم يركز على الآداب) 3,000 فدان (120 كم مربع) لكل ولاية من اراضي الحكومة الفيدرالية يوجد الان أكثر من 100 جامعة تعرف بجامعات منح الاراضي (Land Grant Universities) منها بعض الجامعات الخاصة مثل أم أي تي و كورنيل ربما من المفيد ان يعاد احياء تقليد الوقف الاسلامي والعمل على سن تشريع مماثل لمشروع موريل في ليبيا قبل ان تتآكل كل الاراضي الصالحة لمثل هذه المشاريع

مخطط كاليفورنيا الشامل للتعليم العالي نموذجا كان التعليم العالي في كاليفورنيا يعاني من الفوضى في الاربعينات والخمسينات في آواخر الخمسينات قاد رئيس جامعة كاليفورنيا بيركلي (كلارك كر) فريقا كبيرا من الخبراء لإعداد مشروع مخطط شامل للتعليم العالي في الولاية لمدى 25 عاما إعتمد مشرعو الولاية المشروع في عام 1960 وتم اعاد ترتيب منظومة التعليم العالي في كاليفورنيا على اساس المخطط الجديد نجح المخطط نجاحا باهرا دل عليه بروز عدد كبير من جامعات كاليفورنيا كجامعات ذات تميز عالي وشهرة عالمية ونهضة تقنية رائدة، وبسبب هذا النجاح ظل المخطط ساري المفعول حتى الان ولم يعدل الا تعديلات تحسينية طفيفة (2005 مخطط جديد)

أهم عناصر المخطط تقسيم التعليم العالي في الولاية الى ثلاث منظومات هرمية تتكامل وتتمايز في رسالتها وطبيعتها منظومة جامعة كاليفورنيا (UC) بمركباتها العشرة (بيركلي، لوس انجلس، سان دياغو، الخ ...) منظومة جامعة ولاية كاليفورنيا (CSU) بمركباتها الثلاثة والعشرين منظومة كلية كاليفورنيا الاهلية أوكلية المجتمع (CCC) والتي تفوق المئة والعشرين

توزيع الادوار بين المنظومات الثلاث وزعت الادوار فيما بين هذه المنظومات بوضوح على النحو التالي: 1) جامعة كاليفورنيا (University of California) – 10 جامعات هي الجامعة البحثية الرائدة في الولاية وهي فقط المخولة بمنح درجة الدكتوراة وشهادات التخصصات المهنية (الطب والقانون) تقبل مالايزيد عن 12.5% من خريجي الثانوية من مدارس الولاية 2) جامعة ولاية كاليفورنيا (California State University) 23 جامعة تعنى بالتعليم الجامعي وتتميز فيه تقبل حتي 33% من خريجي الثانوية

توزيع الادوار بين المنظومات الثلاث 3) كلية كاليفورنيا الاهلية (California Community College) 231 كلية عدد كبير من كليات المجنمع تقبل كل من اجتاز المرحلة الثانوية بنجاح ولم يلتحق بالجامعة تمنح شهادة مشارك (Associate Degree) توفر عدة مسارات تعليمية اكاديمي يؤهل الطالب لمواصلة الدراسة الجامعية ان رغب او الاكتفاء بشهادة الكلية ودخول سوق العمل فني او تقني ويمنح الخريج شهادة مشارك تدريب مهني واعادة التأهيل تعليم دائم لمواطني الولاية من كل الاعمار

مزايا تقسيم الادوار الجامعات البحثية ترصد لها الموارد اللازمة وتستقطب المتفوقين من الطلبة والمتميزين من اعضاء هيئة التدريس والباحثين لتكون رائدة في مجال البحث والابداع الجامعات التعليمية تعد الخريجين لسوق العمل والمتميزين منهم لمواصلة دراستهم العليا فى الجامعات البحثية وهي تحتاج الى موارد اقل من نظيراتها البحثية كليات المجتمع أكثر انتشارا واقرب إلى مكان اقامة الطالب أقل تكلفة للولاية و أقل رسوم من الجامعات، تخفف من ازدحام الجامعات تتيح فرصة للطالب للتعرف على رغباتة ومواهبه قبل الالتزام بمسار أو تخصص معين

بوادر ثورة في اساليب وانماط التعليم انتشار الانترنت والازدياد المطرد في سرعة الحاسبات والانترنت ازدياد الطلب على التعليم بما في ذلك التعليم العالي والارجح ان نرى في المدى القريب عدم كفاية الشهادة الثانوية للحصول على عمل الامر الذى سيرهق المؤسسات التعليمية التقليدية أكثر ظهور عدد من المبادارات والتجارب الناجحة في ”التعليم عن بعد“ وبالتحديد عبر الانترنت (بعضها مجاني) بدأت المؤسسات التعليمية العريقة تنتبه لهذا التطور السريع وتحاول فهمه كي تحافظ على موقعها الرائد في التعليم (بعض الجامعات الاصغر سبقت نظيراتها الكبيرات) بدأت تتشكل مؤسسات وهيئات اعتماد تعنى بالتعليم عن بعد والتعليم عبر الانترنت

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