The Revolutions of 1830 & 1848: Beginnings of Nationalism in Europe

Congress of Vienna After Napoleon’s defeat, diplomats & leaders redrew the map of Europe at the Congress of Vienna, 1815. Goal - create a lasting peace while preserving the old order. They wanted to: Create a balance of power Protect the system of monarchy Prevent French expansion Result? The Congress of Vienna kept European countries from using wars to solve their problems. It was a different story inside of countries.

3 Schools of Political Thought became popular: Different set of followers Believed their beliefs were the best for the people Competed for control

#1 Conservatism Emphasized value of traditional institutions & practices. Protected traditional monarchies of Europe. Usually wealthy property owners & nobility. Keep the old ways!!

#2 Liberalism Wanted modern, efficient self-government Supported Enlightenment ideals. Supported Constitutions & Laissez-Faire economic policies. Mostly middle-class business leaders & merchants. More power to elect parliaments, but only the educated & the landowners would vote.

#3 Radicalism Wanted extreme change - democracy to all people. Anti-church & anti-monarchy, generally opposed the old ways. Workers & industrialists. After 1832 they merged with the Liberals. 

True Nation states in Europe in 1815 England France Spain

Early Revolution – The Greeks Controlled by Ottoman Empire for 300+ yrs Greeks kept their culture alive due to their ancient heritage 1821 - Rebelled against the Ottomans