Teacher name | course number Chapter 3 Teacher name | course number

States of Matter Matter exists in various physical states. These states are determined by the amount of movement the matter’s particles have. The states of matter are the actual physical forms in which substances exist. The four major stataes of matter are solids, liquids, gases, and plasma.

Particles of Matter Matter is made of tiny, tiny particles called atoms and molecules. Matter’s particles are always in motion, and consequently are bumping into each other. How these particles interact with each other determines the state of matter. The amount of movement or interaction is indicated by the substance’s temperature. Only when a change in state has been completed does the temperature of the substance actually change.

Solids A solid is the state of matter which has a definite shape and volume. The particles in a solid are very close to each other so the attraction between the particles is stronger in a solid than in any other state. The particles in a solid have low energy. They do not move around, they simply vibrate in place. There are two types of solids. Crystalline-has an orderly arrangement of particles Amorphous-has a random arrangement of particles.

Tomorrow… Be read for a CHECK UP first thing tomorrow! This is how I will know if you are: Doing your homework! Understand the content And what we need to review and reinforce going forward! Now… Use your checklist to make beginning flashcards, you can also look at questions that we discussed in class today. We will come up with more flashcards during opening discussion tomorrow.

Liquids Section 1 (Part 2) Liquid is the state of matter that has a definite volume but no definite shape. It takes on the shape of the container. A liquid’s particles have more energy than a solid’s so they move around more freely. The liquid’s particles slide past each other, which allows the liquid to take on the shape of the container.

Special Properties of Liquids: Surface Tension Liquids have a very special property known as surface tension. Surface tension is a force that acts on each liquid particle at the liquid’s surface. Surface tension tends to decrease the area of the surface. If a substance has high surface tension, it will form spherical- shaped drops. If a substance has low surface tension it will form flat drops.

Special Properties of Liquids: Viscosity A second property of liquids is viscosity. Viscosity is defined as a liquid’s resistance to flow. The stronger the attraction between an object’s particles, the more viscous the liquid.

GASES Gas is the state of matter with no definite shape or volume. The particles of a gas have very high energy, so consequently they move very quickly. This allows the particles to break away from one another because there is very little attraction between the particles. The amount of empty space between the particles changes as the size of the container holding the gas changes.s

Plasma Plasma is the most energetics form of matter. Plasmas only occur at high temperatures. The particles are so energized that they run into each other with energy great enough to strip the electrons off the atoms. This creates positive and negative articles in the plasma. Plasmas conduct electricity due to the presence of these charged particles. Examples include: stars, lightning, neon lights, etc.

Tomorrow… Be read for a CHECK UP first thing tomorrow! This is how I will know if you are: Doing your homework! Understand the content And what we need to review and reinforce going forward! Now… Use your checklist to make beginning flashcards, you can also look at questions that we discussed in class today. We will come up with more flashcards during opening discussion tomorrow.

Behavior of Gases Section 2 Different factors affect the behavior of gas

Describing Gas Behavior The space that gas particles occupy is the gas’s volume. Volume can change as temperature and pressure cange. The temperature of the gas is determined by the amount of particle movement. The faster the particle movement, the greater the temperature. The more the particles move, the more they try to move away from each other. This causes them to run into the sides of the container holding the gas.

Describing Gas Behavior The force the particles exert on the sides of the container is known as pressure. Pressure is the amount of force exerted on a given area of a surface. The more particles that hit the sides of the container the greater the pressure. The volume of a gas changes depending on the volume of the container holding it.

Gas Behavior Laws The temperature, pressure, and volume of a gas are related to each other. Consequently, if you change on factor, the others are also affected. Boyle’s Law states that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant temperature, the volume of the gas is inversely related to the pressure. Example: volume increases, pressure decreases Charles’ Law states that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant pressure, as the volume changes then the temperature will change in the same way. Example: volume increases, temperature increases Gay-Lussac’s Law states that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant volume as the temperature changes the pressure changes in the same way. Example: Pressure Increase, Temperature Increases

Tomorrow… Be read for a CHECK UP first thing tomorrow! This is how I will know if you are: Doing your homework! Understand the content And what we need to review and reinforce going forward! Now… Use your checklist to make beginning flashcards, you can also look at questions that we discussed in class today. We will come up with more flashcards during opening discussion tomorrow.

Change of State Section 3 Anytime there is a change in state, energy is involved.

Energy and Changes of State When state changes occur, matter goes from one physical form to another. To change states, energy must be added or removed from matter.

Melting: Solid to Liquid Melting is the change of state that occurs when energy is added to a solid and it becomes a liquid. The added energy causes the particles ot lose their attraction for each other. As energy is added to a solid the particles begin to move quickly. Consequently the temperature rises. The temperature at which solid becomes liquid occurs is the melting point

Freezing: Liquid to Solid Freezing the charge in state that occurs when a liquid becomes a solid. The temperature at which a liquid becomes a solid occurs is the freezing point. Freezing is the opposite of melting, so freezing and melting occur at the same temperature. If energy is added, melting occurs, if energy is removed, freezing occurs. Freezing is an exothermic change because energy is removed from the matter causing the particles to lock into place.

Tomorrow… Be read for a CHECK UP first thing tomorrow! This is how I will know if you are: Doing your homework! Understand the content And what we need to review and reinforce going forward! Now… Use your checklist to make beginning flashcards, you can also look at questions that we discussed in class today. We will come up with more flashcards during opening discussion tomorrow.

Vaporization: Liquid to Gas Vaporization is the change of state where a substance goes from a liquid state to a gas state. Evaporation is vaporization that occurs at the surface of a substance. (can occur below the boiling pt) Boiling is vaporization that occurs within/throughout the substance. Evaporation and boiling are endothermic changes. The temperature at which a liquid boils is the boiling point. There is a relationship between pressure and boiling point. As pressure decreases so does the boiling point. (direct relationship)

Condensation Gas to Liquid Condensation is the change in state from a gas to a liquid. The temperature at which condensation occurs is the condensation point. Condensation and evaporation are the opposite of each other. Consequently they occur at the same temperature. If energy is being added, evaporation occurs. If energy is removed, condensation occurs. Condensation is exothermic (energy is removed).

Sublimation: Solid to Gas Sublimation is the change in state that occurs when a solid changes directly into a gas. Example: dry ice Sublimation is an endothermic change. Energy must be added for the solid’s particles to overcome their attraction for each other.

Deposition: Gas to Solid Deposition is the opposite of sublimation. Wit deposition, a gas changes directly to a solid without going through the liquid phase. Energy is released when deposition occurs so it is an exothermic process.

Change of Temperature vs Change of State When substances lose or gain energy, one of two things will happen: Temperature changes OR (NOT BOTH) State changes The temperature of a substance does not change until the change in state is complete. Example: The temperature of boiling water stays at 100○C until it has all evaporated.

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Triple Point Diagram The triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which a substance can either be a solid, a liquid, or a gas (all three phases can exist simultaneously) On the graph it is the point at which all phase change slopes meet.