Volume 2, Issue 2, Pages 171-200 (February 2017) Three-Dimensional Porous Graphene Networks and Hybrids for Lithium-Ion Batteries and Supercapacitors  Xin Yao, Yanli Zhao  Chem  Volume 2, Issue 2, Pages 171-200 (February 2017) DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2017.01.010 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Chem 2017 2, 171-200DOI: (10.1016/j.chempr.2017.01.010) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 GAs Prepared from Different Self-Assembly Approaches (A–C) Digital photo of the graphene oxide suspension and the resulting graphene hydrogel after hydrothermal reaction (A), photograph of the graphene aerogel after the freeze-drying process (B), and SEM of the hydrothermal GA (C). Reprinted with permission from Xu et al.3 Copyright 2010 American Chemical Society. (D–G) Typical top-view SEM images of the graphene elastomer (D and E) and side-view SEM image of the graphene elastomer (F). (G) Scheme of the freeze-casting approach and the formation mechanism of graphene elastomer. The brown arrows indicate the boundary of ice crystals where the GO sheets began to concentrate. Scale bars, 50 μm (D), 10 μm (E), and 50 μm (F). Reprinted with permission from Qiu et al.5 Copyright 2012 Macmillan Publishers Limited. Chem 2017 2, 171-200DOI: (10.1016/j.chempr.2017.01.010) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 GFs Prepared from Different Sacrificial Templates (A–C) Schematics showing the routes for preparing GF from an NF template and CVD growth of graphene (A; scale bars, 500 μm), SEM image and inset photo of GF (B), and TEM image showing the graphene layers of GF (C). Reprinted with permission from Chen et al.1 Copyright 2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited. (D–F) Schematics showing the formation mechanism of the nanoporous GF (D) and STEM (E) and TEM (F) characterizations of the nanoporous GF. The black arrow in (F) marks the flat layer of the graphene sheet. Reprinted with permission from Huang et al.11 Copyright 2012 Wiley-VCH. Chem 2017 2, 171-200DOI: (10.1016/j.chempr.2017.01.010) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Typical Examples of GF-Based Composites (A–E) SEM image of Pt/3D RGO (A), TEM image of Pt/3D RGO (B; inset: high-resolution TEM image of a Pt nanoparticle), SEM images of 3D RGO-supported NiO/Ni at different magnifications (C and D), and scheme of the DSARA method (E). Reprinted with permission from Hu et al.47 Copyright 2014 Royal Society of Chemistry. (F) Synthetic routes for GA functionalization with organic crosslinkers. Reprinted with permission from Worsley et al.48 Copyright 2010 American Chemical Society. Chem 2017 2, 171-200DOI: (10.1016/j.chempr.2017.01.010) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Typical Examples of GF-Based Composites (A–D) SEM images of GF (A), VO2 nanoarrays on GF (B), and GF-supported VO2@GQD nanoarrays (C) and TEM image of GF-supported VO2@GQD nanoarrays (D). Reprinted with permission from Chao et al.78 Copyright 2012 American Chemical Society. (E–H) SEM images of GF-supported Ni3S2 nanorod@Ni(OH)2 nanosheet core-shell nanostructures at different magnifications (E and F), TEM image of GF-supported Ni3S2 nanorod@Ni(OH)2 nanosheet core-shell nanostructures (G), and high-resolution TEM image of the white square marked by “b” (H). Reprinted with permission from Zhang et al.15 Copyright 2013 Royal Society of Chemistry. Chem 2017 2, 171-200DOI: (10.1016/j.chempr.2017.01.010) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 Morphological Characterization of 3D G-Si Network and its LIB Performance as Anode Material (A) SEM image and digital photo (inset) of the 3D graphene network. (B) SEM image of the 3D G-Si network. (C) Capacity-voltage profiles at 200 mA g−1, from 2 to 0.005 V versus Li/Li+. (D and E) Rate capability (D) and cycling performance (E) accompanied by coulombic efficiency at 200 mA g−1. Reprinted with permission from Li et al.57 Copyright 2015 Wiley-VCH. Chem 2017 2, 171-200DOI: (10.1016/j.chempr.2017.01.010) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 6 Morphological Characterization of LFP@N-GA and Its Performance as an LIB Cathode (A and B) SEM images of the LFP@N-GA hybrid at different magnifications. The inset is a high-resolution SEM image manifesting a LFP nanoparticle embedded in the N-GA matrix. (C) TEM image of LFP@N-GA. (D) Capacity-voltage profiles of LFP@N-GA electrode and commercial LFP/C at various rates. (E) Rate capabilities. (F) Cycling performance at 10 C, accompanied by coulombic efficiency. (G) Ragone plot of LFP@N-GA compared with some existing electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices. Reprinted with permission from Wang et al.85 Copyright 2015 Royal Society of Chemistry. Chem 2017 2, 171-200DOI: (10.1016/j.chempr.2017.01.010) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 7 The Flexible LIB Based on LTO/GF and LFP/GF (A) Model of the flexible LIB based on GF. (B) Digital photo of a bent battery encapsulated by poly(dimethyl siloxane). (C) Photograph showing the flexible battery lighting a red LED device under bending state. (D) Galvanostatic charge-discharge profiles of the LIB full cell functioning at different rates. (E) Specific capacity of the full battery run at 10 C. (F) Capacity-voltage curves of flat and bent batteries. (G) Cycling performance during bent and flat states. Reprinted with permission from Li et al.71 Copyright 2012 National Academy of Sciences. Chem 2017 2, 171-200DOI: (10.1016/j.chempr.2017.01.010) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 8 The Flexible, Lightweight Asymmetric Supercapacitor Made from GF/CNT/MnO2 and GF/CNT/PPy (A) Typical SEM image of the GF/CNT film. (B) Cross-sectional SEM image of the GF/CNT branch. (C) SEM image of the GF/CNT/MnO2 film. (D) Galvanostatic charge-discharge profiles of the ASC at varied current densities. (E) Cycling performance of the ASC under an area current density of 1.5 mA cm−2 over 10,000 cycles. (F and G) Optical photos showing the ASC powered red LED (F) and small motor (G1 and G2). Reprinted with permission from Liu et al.101 Copyright 2014 Royal Society of Chemistry. Chem 2017 2, 171-200DOI: (10.1016/j.chempr.2017.01.010) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 9 3DPGNs Used in ASSS (A) Schematic illustration showing the procedures for the synthesis of BN-GA and subsequent fabrication of ASSS. Reprinted with permission from Wu et al.102 Copyright 2012 Wiley-VCH. (B–D) Galvanostatic charge-discharge curves of the asymmetric ASSS made from MnO2/GF and CNT/CF at various current densities (B), cycling performance of the asymmetric ASSS at a current density of 5 A g−1 for 10,000 cycles (C; inset: optical image of a functioning asymmetric ASSS), and specific capacitance retention of the flexible ASSS upon bending to different angles (left) or a different number of times at a constant angle of 180° (right) (D). Reprinted with permission from Zhang et al.103 Copyright 2014 Wiley-VCH. Chem 2017 2, 171-200DOI: (10.1016/j.chempr.2017.01.010) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions