AP World History Chapter 9 Civilization in Eastern Europe: Byzantium and Orthodox Europe

Byzantine Rise to Power 330 C.E. to 1453 C.E. Diocletian Reforms Split the Roman Empire into four quadrants. Two governed by Caesars and two governed by deputy Caesars. Constantine is made a Caesar at the death of his father while in the province of Britain. Constantine I or Constantine the Great Constantine has a dream where he is told to mark “the heavenly sign of God” on his soldiers shields. 313 C.E. Defeated Maxentius at the Battle of Milvian Bridge. 313 C.E. Signed The Edict of Milan allowing worship of Christ. 313 C.E. Called for a council of Bishops to formulate the doctrine of the Trinity; Council of Nicaea. 323 C.E. Split the Roman empire for the last time with one capital in Rome and the other in Constantinople. 330 C.E

Byzantine Rise to Power 330 C.E. to 1453 C.E. Justinian expands the Byzantine Empire by re-conquering territories in Italy and Spain. The Byzantine general Belisarius might be the greatest general who ever lived. He had success despite varying levels of support from Justinian. Often he is referred to as the Last of the Romans.

Byzantine, (Political) PERSIA The Empire is split into two parts, to make it easier to govern. The Roman Legal Code was adopted later re-written in Greek. The Byzantine political system had remarkable similarities to China. They had an elaborate bureaucracy to administer the government.

Byzantine, (Economic) PERSIA The Byzantine economy was one of the greatest in the world for centuries. Some scholars believe that the Byzantine economy was the greatest in the world until the Arab conquests. The Empire controlled both internal and external trade. The Empire also controlled coinage. The Byzantine empire traded silk from China using the silk road and spice from India using the Indian Ocean trading routes.

Byzantine, (Religion) PERSIA Concept The emperor was held to be ordained of God, he was the head of the church as well as the state. History Constantinople was given many holy relics, The True Cross, and the Rod of Moses. The Church of the Holy Apostles was built on the site of the Temple of Aphrodite. Constantine's mother was a Christian from the days of his youth. Constantine instructed that both Christian and non-Christian worship on the day of the sun to further unite the empire. The Hagia Sophia was built by Emperor Justinian. 537 C.E. Religious split with Roman Catholic church in 1053 C.E. when the Pope attempted to impose his claim as head of the church. In response the Patriarch of Constantinople closed the Latin churches. 1054 C.E.

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Byzantine, (Social) PERSIA Powerful women were common in the Byzantine empire. Women like Theodora the wife of Justinian. Women could serve as emperor. In 797 B.C.E Irene of Athens became Empress-regent.

Byzantine, (Intellectual) PERSIA The Byzantine Empire preserved the books of the classical age through the middle ages or dark ages. The classical philosophies were taught at the University of Constantinople and Academies all over the empire. Complex math was used to create the Hagia Sophia. Byzantine medicine was very advanced and had an influence on Islamic medicine as well as the medicine of the Renaissance. Greek fire was an incendiary weapon used by the Byzantine Empire. It was instrumental in the destruction of two Arab sieges. It was invented in 672 B.C.E

Byzantine, (Intellectual) PERSIA During the 14th century just prior to the destruction of Constantinople the Byzantine culture was in a period of intense creative activity. Byzantine humanism approached its zenith and was very similar to Italian humanism later. Despite the political and military decline of these last two centuries the Empire saw a flourishing of science and literature, often described as the “Palaeologean” or “Last Byzantine Renaissance.” In the final century of the Empire the study of astronomy, and other mathematical sciences, and medicine attracted the interest of almost all scholars. The final year saw the great schism of the church being healed and the last Mas held in the Hagia Sophia in Latin and Greek.

Byzantine, (Area) PERSIA Multicultural Empire that incorporated many different religions and cultures. At its greatest extent it stretched from Spain in the West, Mesopotamia in the East, Kiev in the North, and Egypt in the South. The capital was centrally located on very efficient sea lanes. The Empire reached its largest geographic sphere of influence during Justinian's Reign. The gains were short lived and some territory was lost under further barbarian invasions of Italy. The Empire had a slow decline in geographic space much like a tide coming in out of the ocean. This slow decline was do to multiple Islamic invasions from many different caliphates. The Byzantines were the transmitters of medical technology to and from the Arab world.

Byzantine Decline from Power Military losses to Arab Muslim forces and the forced conversion of Byzantine citizens led to a loss of territory. This territory typically represented a loss of tax revenue. The Fourth Crusade was hijacked by the Dodge of Venice Enrico Dandolo. He said he would provide the ships to Egypt if they sacked the Christian city of Zara. The Crusaders sacked the city of Constantinople in 1204 C.E. The Pope excommunicated the crusaders in response. The final end came in 1453 C.E. by the Islamic invasion of Ottoman Turks. They sacked the city killed every male in the city, raped the women, and sold the women and children into slavery.

Gun Powder Armies

Eastern Orthodox Church In 1054 a longstanding disagreement came to a head, and the Christian church split into two groups. The Western or Roman Catholic, and Eastern or Orthodox Catholic. The Byzantine Empire goes into slow decline. 1071 Byzantine defeat in Asia 1204 Constantinople sacked by Crusaders 1453 Constantinople taken by Ottoman Turks

Orthodox Missionaries Eastern Orthodox missionaries spread northward into Russia and the Balkans, and created a new alphabet, Cyrillic. Cyril and Methodius are the two most famous of the missionaries.

Kievan Rus’ Kiev began as a city along the trade route between Scandinavia and Constantinople. One of the early leaders of the city Vladimir converted to Orthodox Christianity around 1000 A.D. The City State soon developed its own version of Russian Orthodox Christianity.

The Emergence of Kievan Rus' Slavs from Asia Iron working, extend agriculture Mix with earlier populations Family tribes, villages Kingdoms Animistic Scandinavian merchants Trade with Byzantines Trade with Northerners c. 855, monarchy under Rurik Center at Kiev Vladimir I (980-1015) Converts to Orthodoxy Controls church

Yaroslav I Issued a unifying code of laws, while not as advanced as Constantinople it still had nobles called Boyars.

The Tartars The Russian name for the Mongols. The Invasion of Russia by the Mongols and the destruction of Constantinople by Muslims, isolated Russia. The region was cut off from western contacts, stifling economic, political, and cultural sophistication.