Chapter 6 Lifespan Development

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory * Video Stage/ Psycho-social Crisis Ages Developmental Processes/Resolution Trust v. Mistrust Infant 0-18mo Develops a sense of trust if caretakers are reliable. Virtue = Hope Autonomy v. Shame,Doubt Toddler 18mo-3y Develops a sense of pride in self-control if caregivers set limits and provide opportunities to learn. Virtue = will Initiative v. Guilt 3-6 years Learns to initiate actions and relationships through exploration and play. Development independence if efforts are successful. Virtue = Purpose Industry v. Inferiority 6-12 years Learns the rules and standards of schools and society. Develops virtue of competence when meets expectations.

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages, cont. Stage/ Psycho-social Crisis Ages Developmental Processes/Resolution Identity v. role confusion Adolescence Develops a sense of personal identity through exploration of options in the world. Virtue = fidelity Intimacy v. Isolation Early Adulthood Develops the ability to experience the giving and receiving of love as an adult. Virtue = Love Generativity v. Stagnation Middle Adulthood Wants to make his/her life mean something to future generations- through work, parenting, etc. Virtue = Care Ego Integrity v. Despair Late Evaluates his/her life as worthwhile and meaningful. Acceptance of death as natural ending. Virtue = wisdom

Research on Development Cross Sectional Research * Compares people of different ages at one time. Problem – individual differences unrelated to age Longitudinal Research * Follow the same individual or group over a long period of time Compare the variable of interest at different times Problem – takes years to do study.

Prenatal Development, pt. 1 Germinal Period * Zygote (fertilized egg) Conception – Implantation First 10-14 days Differentiates between zygote and outside cells Outside cells will become protective structures

Prenatal Part 2: Embryo * 2-8 weeks Major internal and external organs develop Amniotic sac, Placenta, Umbilical Cord Teratogens * Harmful material affecting development Drugs, alcohol, toxins, viruses, smoking Fetal Alcohol Syndrome * Limb & facial abnormalities, retardation Video

Prenatal, Part 3: The Fetus * 9 weeks – birth From less than one ounce to 6-8 pounds Growth and maturation of organs Senses and preferences

Infancy and Early Childhood Contact Comfort * The infant’s need for physical contact Video Attachment * Infant’s need to be with caregiver Stranger Anxiety * Video Fear of unknown people; 5/6 mo, lessens at 12 mo Separation Anxiety * Video Fear of being left by caregiver; 8mo – 30mo.

Patterns of Attachment Strange Situation Test – Ainsworth Video Secure Attachment * 60%; explore; cry when left; comforted on return Avoidant Attachment * 15%; don’t explore, avoid or ignore mother Disorganized (anxious)* 15%; No consistent method of coping Ambivalent Attachment * 10% Wary, clinging; distress when left, ambivalent on return

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Schema (framework for knowledge in LTM) Assimilation – new information fits existing schema Existing schema expands to include new information Schema (framework for knowledge in LTM Accommodation – new information doesn’t fit schema New schema develops to accommodate new information

Piaget’s Stages Stage Age Range Description Accomplishes Sensorimotor 0-2 years Experiences world Through senses Object Permanence Video Preoperational 2-7 years Egocentrism VDO; symbolic thought; mental images Theory of mind; Language Concrete Operational 7-11 years Logical Thinking; Real World Skills Conservation Formal Operational 11-adult Abstract concepts; scientific reasoning Abstract logic Child v. Adol VDO

Moral Development: Reasoning Watch this Video. Decide what you would do. More importantly, decide WHY you would do it. Which stage of Kohlberg’s theory represents your reasoning? Age Level Stage Description of reasoning Young child I. Preconventional 1. Punishment & Obedience Will I get caught and punished? Child 2. Naïve Hedonism (self interest) How will it benefit me? Older child & 2. Conventional 1. Social approval What will my friends and family think? Most adults 2. Social norms or laws What are the rules of society that I should follow? Few adults, 3. Postconventional 1. Social contracts What are abstract reasons for laws: justice, equality, etc. Most older 2. Universal ethical principles Which abstract principles are most important?

Gender Role Development Sex * Biological M/F XX or XY chromosomes Gender * Cultural definition of masculine & feminine Gender Role * Cultural expectations about appropriate behavior for each gender

Theories of Gender Role Development Social Learning Theory * Modeling Media Reinforcement for gender appropriate behaviors Gender Schema Theory * Gender is an important category Child seeks information Child develops expectations for gender roles.

Baumrind’s Parenting Styles * Authoritarian * Traditional hierarchy, strict rules, punish to control Possible consequences: unhappiness, rebellion May work in other cultures or subcultures. Permissive* (2 kinds) a) Negligent – ignore kids: kids wild, confused, sad, or angry b) Loving – indulgent; spoiled, lack boundaries Authoritative * Communication; Caring; Rules + Negotiation Kids learn to make decisions; more mature, successful

Discuss in small groups or as a class. What parenting style did your parent’s use? What effect do you think it had on you? How did your temperament affect your parents and their style? Why do you think different styles work better in different cultures? How do you think parenting styles should adapt or change with the age of the child?

Discussion Concepts for Adulthood Change is steady, less dramatic in adulthood. Social Clock Marriage Decisions about parenting Work and Education Menopause Crystallized and Fluid Intelligence Retirement

Alzheimer’s Disease * One form of dementia Slow decline over many years Physical, mental, emotional, social effects Memory problems earliest symptom Multiple possible causes, inc. genetics, environment, diet, inflammation in brain, glia. Amyloid plaques; tau proteins, tangles Problems for society, caregivers. Video