Industrialization and Immigration

Industry and Mechanization Standard parts Mass production Routine labor Low wages Technology

Child Labor Factory hours were long and rarely paid much Often all members of a family would have to work including very young children Shifts were usually 10 to 14 hours and the children were paid around 30 to 75 cents a day Many children were injured at work, losing limbs or contracting disease

Newsies

Factory Workers

Boy Coal Miners

Boy Coal Miners

Coal Shifters

Bowling Pin Setters

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire A fire broke out in a shirt factory where women worked Factory managers would lock the doors to keep the women from going out on breaks Someone put a cigarette in a trash can where it caught on fire and burned down the whole building Women jumped to their deaths rather than burn

Corporations Andrew Carnegie -$310 Bil U.S. Steel (1870s) John D. Rockefeller -$340 Bil Standard Oil (1880s) J.P. Morgan -$38 Bil Finance, Railroad, U.S. Steel (1900s)

Standard Oil

Railroad 1870s

Railroad 1890s

Social Darwinism and Laissez Faire Theory of capitalism “Free markets” = no government intervention Consumer demand Competition creates innovation and keeps prices low

Muckrakers Upton Sinclair was an author who wrote the book The Jungle The purpose of The Jungle was to show Americans the terrible working conditions of the workers in the meat packaging plants “I aimed at the public’s heart, and by accident I hit it in the stomach” This kind of writing became known as “muckraking”

Inventions Bessemer Process – creates stronger steel Pressure sealed tin cans Alternating currents – Nikola Tesla Technology begins to replace workers

Urbanization Manufacturing brought people into the cities Industrialization = Growth in cities Technological advances: sewage, elevators, piped water, electricity, subways, electric streetcar (1888)

City Life Fast growing Few social services or regulations Tenement buildings – horrible living conditions Ethnically organized – usually by areas of town or neighborhoods

Tenement Housing

Immigration Why did people leave their homes? What were the costs and benefits of moving?

Ellis Island By 1892, most immigrants were screened and processed at Ellis Island By 1900, 50% of immigrants were from Eastern and Southern Europe

Angel Island

Industrialization Immigration

Why did they come to the U.S.? Political and religious freedom Better economic opportunities Gold Rush Encouraging letters from relatives U.S. Government advertisements U.S. business recruitment

American Protective Association Americans formed groups to opposed the “immigrant threat” Supported laws to restrict certain groups of immigrants. Immigrant groups: Chinese, Central and Southern Europeans. Why did Old Immigrants resent New Immigrants? “inferior stocks” Plot by European governments to unload their prisoners and mentally ill. Chinese worked for 5 years and left the U.S. with U.S. money Labor Unions hated immigrants because employers would hire “scab” labor to replace workers if they had a “Labor Strike” US Govt. restricts immigration with the following: Chinese Exclusion Act and Ellis Island

Chinese Exclusion Act Resentment and discrimination against the Chinese. First law to restrict immigration. Taking away jobs from Nativists Chinese Exclusion Act 1

Chinese Exclusion Act President Hayes vetoed this act and Congress would override it. He would not be re-elected. Chinese immigration would be outlawed until the 1920’s.

Immigration and National Culture Between 1870 – 1910 = 20 million immigrants came to America Bringing with them new cultures (foods, religions, traditions, languages, etc.) Assimilation: We wanted immigrants to forget their old way of life and become AMERICANS. We even offered Americanization schools teaching English and American Culture

Nativism

Closure Give 3 examples of Industrialization and Mechanization. Who were the big three corporate leaders? What were they each the leader of? What effect did industrialization have on cities? What were the two ports immigrants came through? What is assimilation? Write a paragraph explaining the Nativist political cartoon.