Figure 25.1 Anatomy of the ear.

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Figure 25.1 Anatomy of the ear. External ear Middle ear Internal ear (labyrinth) Auricle (pinna) Malleus (hammer) Incus (anvil) Auditory ossicles Helix Stapes (stirrup) Lobule External acoustic meatus Tympanic membrane Pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube

Superior vestibular ganglion Figure 25.2 Internal ear. Temporal bone Semicircular ducts in semicircular canals Facial nerve Vestibular nerve Anterior Superior vestibular ganglion Posterior Lateral Inferior vestibular ganglion Cochlear nerve Cristae ampullares in the membranous ampullae Maculae Spinal organ Utricle in vestibule Cochlear duct in cochlea Saccule in vestibule Stapes in oval window Round window 2

Figure 25.3 Anatomy of the cochlea. Inner hair cell Vestibular membrane Osseous spinal lamina Tectorial membrane Tectorial membrane Afferent nerve fiber Spiral ganglion Hairs (stereocilia) Cochlear duct (scala media; contains endolymph) Scala vestibuli (contains perilymph) Outer hair cells Supporting cells Stria vascularis Fibers of cochlear nerve Spiral organ Scala tympani (contains perilymph) Basilar membrane 3

Figure 25.5 Resonance of the basilar membrane. Stapes Fibers of cochlear nerve Scala vestibuli Oval window Perilymph Round window Scala tympani Basilar membrane Cochlear duct Basilar membrane Base Apex Relative lengths of basilar fibers within different regions membrane 500 Hz 4000 Hz 20,000 Hz Hz 20,000 (High notes) Hz 2000 Hz 200 Hz 20 (Low notes) 4

Figure 25.7 Structure and function of the crista ampullaris. Ampullary cupula Endolymph Hair bundle (kinocilium plus stereocilia) Hair cell Crista ampullaris Membranous labyrinth Supporting cell Fibers of vestibular nerve Flow of endolymph Direction of body movement 5

Figure 25.8 Scanning electron micrograph of a crista ampullaris (14×). Ampullary cupula 6