Unit 2: Ecosystems & Biospheres Energy & Matter, Biogeochemical Cycles, Human Impact Saturday, November 24, 2018
Organisms to Biosphere Organism: one individual life form Population: group of the same species Community: collection of populations Ecosystem: community and the environment Biosphere: global ecosystem (Earth)
Biomes Broad geographic regions Characterized by climate & major vegetation Aquatic Biomes: 75% of Earth Terrestrial Biomes: 25% of Earth Biomes
The Laws of Thermodynamics Energy & Mass Saturday, November 24, 2018
Law 1: Conservation of Mass & Energy Mass and Energy are neither created nor destroyed, only transferred. Saturday, November 24, 2018
Law 2: Order requires energy (metabolism), disorder releases energy. Saturday, November 24, 2018
Recall: Energy Flows Energy flows into and out of the biosphere In from sun and to each trophic level Out as heat lost by cellular processes
Energy enters the ecosystem as sunlight Only 1-2% of the light energy is captured and turned into chemical energy by plants (PHOTOSYNTHESIS) 98-99% rest is reflected, or just warms up the tree as it is absorbed
1. Producers Plants are called producers, because they can “produce” their own food using energy from sun light.
converts solar energy to chemical energy Photosynthesis converts solar energy to chemical energy CO2 + H20 C6H12O6 + O2 sun
Producers/Autotrophs Determine the size of the community More producers = more consumers The most mass in an ecosystem The most energy in an ecosystem
Saturday, November 24, 2018
Consumers/Heterotrophs Includes: Primary Consumers, Secondary Consumers, Tertiary Consumers, Quartenary Consumers and Decomposers Must obtain energy from outside sources http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0NcJ_63z-mA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U5YCNBKg98I&feature=related&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1
Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H20 + ATP
Trophic Levels, Biomass & Energy in Ecosystems
Energy Movement through Ecosystems Energy flows through ecosystems Trophic levels: feeding relationships
Trophic Relationships Primary producer All autotrophs Primary consumer Herbivores (eat producers) Secondary consumer Carnivores (eat primary consumers) Omnivores (eat plants and consumers) Tertiary consumer Carnivores (eat secondary consumers) Quaternary consumer Carnivores (eat tertiary consumers) Detritivore Eat dead plant/animal matter Decomposer Recycle matter back to soil
Food Chain A linear relationship that illustrates how energy flows in an ecosystem
Food Web A collection of interconnecting food chains Organisms eat more than one type of food sources
Trophic Pyramid Shows energy flow by category, from producers to top level consumers. Pyramid because lower levels out number upper levels in number, biomass, and energy.
Biomass: total amount of organic matter in an area. Usually measured as a weight Usually shown as a biomass pyramid
Represents the amount of living organic matter at each trophic level and therefore potential food available wolves Deer Vegetation Biomass
10% Rule Only about 10% of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next trophic level Eagle Robin Caterpillar Leaves .1% 1% 10% 100%
Not recycled, but transformed Energy flows through Not recycled, but transformed Wolf Deer Grass Decomposers = loss: heat or kinetic Energy is Conserved within the system
Saturday, November 24, 2018
Saturday, November 24, 2018
Saturday, November 24, 2018
Saturday, November 24, 2018
Recall: Matter Cycles Matter cycles through the biosphere Producers consumers decomposers Biomass is conserved
Biogeochemical Spheres Saturday, November 24, 2018
Saturday, November 24, 2018