Figure 9.1. Neighborhoods within a nested spatial hierarchy. From Health and Medical Geography, 4th edition, by Emch, Root, & Carrel. Copyright 2017 by The Guilford Press.

Figure 9.2. Conceptual model for the interactions between individuals and their neighborhood social, structural, and physical environments that influence health outcomes. From Health and Medical Geography, 4th edition, by Emch, Root, & Carrel. Copyright 2017 by The Guilford Press.

Figure 9. 3. The social gradient in health Figure 9.3. The social gradient in health. Infant mortality rates for selected countries by wealth quintiles. Created using data from Gwatkin et al. (2007). From Health and Medical Geography, 4th edition, by Emch, Root, & Carrel. Copyright 2017 by The Guilford Press.

Figure 9.4. Chicago community areas. From Health and Medical Geography, 4th edition, by Emch, Root, & Carrel. Copyright 2017 by The Guilford Press.

Figure 9.5. Location of Orange County, North Carolina. From Health and Medical Geography, 4th edition, by Emch, Root, & Carrel. Copyright 2017 by The Guilford Press.

Figure 9.6. Orange County, North Carolina: Census geography. From Health and Medical Geography, 4th edition, by Emch, Root, & Carrel. Copyright 2017 by The Guilford Press.

Figure 9.7. Orange County, North Carolina: ZIP Code boundaries. From Health and Medical Geography, 4th edition, by Emch, Root, & Carrel. Copyright 2017 by The Guilford Press.

Figure 9.8. A neighborhood defined in terms of a 1,000-meter buffer around house 1. From Health and Medical Geography, 4th edition, by Emch, Root, & Carrel. Copyright 2017 by The Guilford Press.

Figure 9. 9. Households connected via ponds Figure 9.9. Households connected via ponds. From Emch, Ali, Root, and Yunus (2009). Copyright ©2009 Elsevier. Reprinted by permission. From Health and Medical Geography, 4th edition, by Emch, Root, & Carrel. Copyright 2017 by The Guilford Press.

Figure 9. 10. Household clusters near digitized ponds Figure 9.10. Household clusters near digitized ponds. From Emch, Ali, Root, and Yunus (2009). Copyright ©2009 Elsevier. Reprinted by permission. From Health and Medical Geography, 4th edition, by Emch, Root, & Carrel. Copyright 2017 by The Guilford Press.