persistent ptsd persistent ptsd current threat arousal symptoms trauma characteristics/beliefs prior experiences/coping subsequent events thinking processes during trauma nature of trauma memory negative assessments of trauma/subsequent events persistent ptsd persistent ptsd matching triggers arrows indicate the following relationships leads to prevents change in influences Ehlers A, Clark D A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder Behav Res Therapy 2000; 38: 319-45 current threat arousal symptoms intrusions, strong emotions strategies intended to control threat/symptoms

change toxic beliefs with education, understanding, matching triggers negative assessments of trauma/subsequent events nature of trauma memory strategies intended to control threat/symptoms current threat arousal symptoms intrusions, strong emotions arrows indicate the following relationships leads to prevents change in influences reconstruct the frag- mented trauma memory & anchor it in the past through discussion, tapes & writing change toxic beliefs with education, understanding, imagery rescripting, behavioural experiments, & compassion understand & reduce avoidance, encourage desensitization, tackle substance abuse