Industrialized Societies in the West, 1750-1914

Intro The successful global expansion of Western societies during the 15-18th centuries led to profound changes at home Political/economic upheavals, intellectual/technological innovations The World Economy, led by the Europeans, created a framework for changes and opportunities that would set the West on a path towards modernity Revolution and Industrialization would encompass the West during next two and a half centuries

I. Age of Revolution When? -Period of time beginning in late 1700s, with American and French Revolutions, continuing through mid-1800s 3 forces at work Enlightenment thinkers encouraged change and reform Example: Jean-Jacque Rousseau, The Social Contract Commercialization challenged traditional notions of wealth and power Population revolution – population explosion as a result of better nutrition, less spread of disease Led to more people in need of work, further rise of capitalist system, property-less classes (proletariat) Further urbanization of society - away from agriculture, towards manufacturing Proto-industrialization – textile/metal production in the home

II. French Revolution Set the stage for political restructuring of western Europe Enlightenment thinkers urged the need to limit power of Catholic church (1st Estate), nobility (2nd Estate), monarchy (Louis XVI) Middle class wanted greater political role Peasants (3rd Estate) wanted greater freedoms from landlords Revolutionary ideas led to extreme changes and periods of social upheaval 1792 - radicalization of reform, led by Maxmilien Robespierre Reign of Terror - thousands guillotined for opposing reforms Rise of nationalism – feeling of national unity, identity based on common culture, race, ethnic origin

III. Napoleon Bonaparte Out of the chaos of the French Revolution, Napoleon is able to seize power General in revolutionary army, instituted a coup d’etat – seized control of French government Later crowned emperor Converted France to an authoritarian state Implemented a powerful police system, but also furthered many revolutionary reforms Religious freedoms, equality for men, centralized system of education to train bureaucrats Power hungry – attempted to take over much of Europe Eventually defeated by alliance of European powers in 1815 (Battle of Waterloo)

Napoleon’s Empire (1812)

III. Continued… Impact of Napoleon on Europe Strengthened feelings of nationalism in other countries as people banded together to fight Napoleon’s forces Congress of Vienna – after Napoleon, sought to restore the balance of Europe, restore monarchy in France Rise of Factions Conservatives – opposed to revolutionary ideas and big reforms Liberals – mainly represented middle class, sought economic reforms, personal freedoms Radicals – wanted to further reforms of Liberals, even some for lower classes Nationalists – allied themselves with Liberals and/or Radicals, called for national unity/glory

IV. Industrialization and Its Impact Modernization of manufacturing processes Linked to social and economic changes Technological innovations – example: steam engine Europe become more urban – linked by railroads, canals England: first time in history majority of people lived in cities Family becomes smaller, birth rates/death rates lower Material wealth increased Workers gained more power through organization (unions) Peasant life improved – more education, more freedoms Political changes pushed by worker’s conditions

V. Social Upheaval Revolution and Industrialization led people to think more critically about the role of government and solving social problems Socialism – state (gov’t) control of production, end of capitalist exploitation of individuals Karl Marx – leading socialist theorist, father of communism Argued that the bourgeoisie (property/business owners) controlled the proletariat (property-less classes) Only a revolution against bourgeoisie would end social inequality Everyone puts same work in, receives same benefits Socialist movements gained in popularity through late 1800s Feminist movements also gained in popularity Sought legal and economic gains for women Right to vote, access to higher professions/education

VI. Increased Expansion and Tensions The need for raw materials and new markets led to further colonization of world Canada, Australia, New Zealand become economically dependent on Europe, increase territorial holdings Increased conflicts with indigenous (native) peoples Immigration from Europe to U.S./South America explodes in 1800s, early 1900s In Europe, nationalism and industrialization lead to tensions within and between nations Greek Revolution, Revolutions of 1848 Militarization was a result of increased economic gains, nationalist superiority, expansionist tendencies Lead-up to WWI – alliances form (Triple Alliance, Triple Entente)

Key Vocabulary – ch. 23 Industrial Revolution Radicals Age of Revolution Population revolution Proto-industrialization French Revolution Guillotine Nationalism Congress of Vienna Conservatives Liberals Radicals Greek Revolution Chartist movement Social question Socialism Revisionism Feminist movements Mass leisure culture Triple Alliance Triple Entente