Blood grouping & Blood Types There are 4 main Blood Types: Type A, Type B, Type AB, and Type O

How common is your blood type? 46.1% 38.8% 11.1% 3.9%

More than 20 genetically determined blood group systems known today ABO System The differences in human blood - presence or absence of certain proteins called antigens and antibodies. The antigens are located on the surface of the red blood cells and the antibodies are in the blood plasma. The blood group you belong to depends on what you have inherited from your parents. More than 20 genetically determined blood group systems known today The AB0 and Rh systems are the most important ones Not all blood groups are compatible with each other. Mixing incompatible blood groups leads to blood clumping or agglutination, which is dangerous for individuals. Nobel Laureate Karl Landsteiner was involved in the discovery of both the AB0 and Rh blood groups.

Blood group A If you belong to the blood group A, you have A antigens on the surface of your red blood cells and B antibodies in your blood plasma. Blood group B If you belong to the blood group B, you have B antigens on the surface of your red blood cells and A antibodies in your blood plasma. Blood group AB If you belong to the blood group AB, you have both A and B antigens on the surface of your red blood cells and no A or B antibodies at all in your blood plasma. Blood group 0 If you belong to the blood group 0 (null), you have neither A or B antigens on the surface of your red blood cells but you have both A and B antibodies in your blood plasma. .                                                                                            

Rh Factors A+ A- B+ B- AB+ AB- O+ O- Scientists sometimes study Rhesus monkeys to learn more about the human anatomy because there are certain similarities between the two species. While studying Rhesus monkeys, a certain blood protein was discovered. This protein is also present in the blood of some people. Other people, however, do not have the protein. The presence of the protein, or lack of it, is referred to as the Rh (for Rhesus) factor. If your blood does contain the protein, your blood is said to be Rh positive (Rh+). If your blood does not contain the protein, your blood is said to be Rh negative (Rh-). A+ A- B+ B- AB+ AB- O+ O- http://www.fi.edu/biosci/blood/rh.html

Rh Factor Many people also have a Rh factor on the red blood cell's surface This is also an antigen and those who have it are called Rh+. Those who haven't are called Rh-. But a person with Rh- blood can develop Rh antibodies in the blood plasma if he or she receives blood from a person with Rh+ blood, whose Rh antigens can trigger the production of Rh antibodies. A person with Rh+ blood can receive blood from a person with Rh- blood without any problems.

ABO Blood Type ANTIGENS No A /B antigen but has Rh factor O- ANTIBODIES Can DONATE Red Cells To: Can RECEIVE Red Cells From: O+ No A /B antigen but has Rh factor A,B O+, A+, B+, AB+ O+, O- O- No A /B antigen or Rh factor All Types (universal donor) A+ has antigen A and Rh factor B A+, AB+ A+, A-, O+, O- A- has antigen A and no Rh factor B &Rh A-, A+, AB-, AB+ A-, O- B+ has antigen B and Rh factor A B+, AB+ B+, B-, O+, O- B- has antigen B and no Rh factor B-, B+, AB-, AB+ B-, O- AB Has antigen A and B nil All

The blood type game: http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/me dicine/bloodtypinggame/game/index.html

Blood Transfusions O A B AB A blood transfusion is a procedure in which blood is given to a patient through an intravenous (IV) line in one of the blood vessels. Blood transfusions are done to replace blood lost during surgery or a serious injury. A transfusion also may be done if a person’s body can't make blood properly because of an illness. Who can give you blood? People with TYPE O blood are called Universal Donors, because they can give blood to any blood type. People with TYPE AB blood are called Universal Recipients, because they can receive any blood type. Rh +  Can receive + or - Rh -  Can only receive - A B O AB Universal Donor Universal Recipient

Process of blood clotting. Cut occurs platelets form a temporary plug Clotting Factors attach to the plug and bring about the conversion of Fibrinogen to fibrin Inactive soluble fibrinogen is converted to active insoluble fibrin threads which forms a mesh that traps other cells like RBCs and WBCs. The blood clot stops the bleeding & prevents entrance of pathogens Clot dries & hardens and makes a scab. New skin

Blood Clotting A blood clot results from coagulation of the blood (changing from liquid to solid). Blood clots occur at the site of blood vessel damage and involve pooling of the blood (slowing of the blood's motion).. The ability of blood to clot is important to control bleeding after an injury.

Wounding of skin (lesion or cut on skin) Platelet adherence-aggregation-signalling. Activation of Fibrinogen----------Fibrin--Network of fibrin over the wound Healing of wound new skin formation----Upper layer of skin darkens and is shed off as a scab, once new skin forms.