ITU Structure & Study Groups August 4, 2001 ITU Structure & Study Groups 　　　　　　　　　Masatoshi Ohishi NAOJ 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002 AP-RASC '01 - Session J8

2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

Members of the ITU Member States (189) Sector Members such as private companies (more than 600) Regional Groups International Organizations such as IUCAF 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

Structure of the ITU-R 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

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Regional Groups CEPT – Europe CITEL – North and South America APT – Asia-Pacific region Arab group  They prepare common proposals for WRC agenda items. 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

RA frequency groups IUCAF : IAU + URSI + COSPAR Europe -- CRAF Committee for Radio Astronomy Frequencies US -- CORF Committee on Radio Frequencies AP region -- RAFCAP 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

Regions 1, 2 & 3 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

Radio Astronomy Service 1.58 radio astronomy service:  A service involving the use of radio astronomy. Historically RAS was restricted to ground- based one. Now RAS includes space-based observations. 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

Footnote # of Radio Regulation Radio Astronomy in ITU 1.13 radio astronomy:  Astronomy based on the reception of radio waves of cosmic origin. 1.5 radio waves or hertzian waves:  Electromagnetic waves of frequencies arbitrarily lower than 3 000 GHz, propagated in space without artificial guide. 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

RAS ≠ radiocommunication 1.3 telecommunication:   Any transmission, emission or reception of signs, signals, writings, images and sounds or intelligence of any nature by wire, radio, optical or other electromagnetic systems (CS). 1.138 emission:  Radiation produced, or the production of radiation, by a radio transmitting station. 1.137 radiation:  The outward flow of energy from any source in the form of radio waves. 1.6 radiocommunication:  Telecommunication by means of radio waves (CS) (CV). 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

RAS ≠ radiocommunication 1.7 terrestrial radiocommunication:  Any radiocommunication other than space radiocommunication or radio astronomy. 1.8 space radiocommunication:  Any radiocommunication involving the use of one or more space stations or the use of one or more reflecting satellites or other objects in space. 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

RAS as radiocommunication 4.6 For the purpose of resolving cases of harmful interference, the radio astronomy service shall be treated as a radiocommunication service. However, protection from services in other bands shall be afforded the radio astronomy service only to the extent that such services are afforded protection from each other. 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

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WRC World Radiocommunication Conference New allocations, new regulations, etc., are discussed and adopted based on national and regional proposals. Study Groups, Working Parties consider technical aspects of agenda items for WRCs. 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

Study Cycle (~3 years) CPM report Agenda Items WRC; Admins. Adopt Radio Regulations CPM; Experts Study Groups Exchange info Assign AIs Draft CPM report WPs, TGs 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

Study Groups drafting Technical bases for Radiocommunication Conferences developing Draft Recommendations compiling Handbooks 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

Study Groups SG 1:Spectrum Management SG 3:Radio Wave Propagation SG 4:Fixed-Satellite Service SG 6:Broadcasting Service SG 7:Science Services SG 8:Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite services SG 9:Fixed Services SC: Special Committee 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

Working Parties Study Groups are organized into Working Parties and Task Groups Deal with specific aspects of Study Group work Issues related with multiple SGs  Joint WPs, Joint TGs 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

SG 1 WP 1A : Spectrum engineering techniques WP 1B : Spectrum management methodologies WP 1C : Spectrum monitoring TG 1/7 : Protection of passive service bands from unwanted emissions JTG 1-6-8-9 : Multimedia applications (Resolution 737 (WRC-2000)) 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

SG 3 WP 3J Propagation fundamentals WP 3K Point-to-area propagation WP 3L Ionospheric propagation WP 3M Point-to-point and Earth- space propagation 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

SG 4 WP 4A : Efficient orbit / spectrum utilization WP 4B : Systems, performance, availability and　maintenance of FSS, Satellite news gathering (SNG) and outside broadcast via satellite JWP 4-9S : Frequency sharing, between the FSS and the FS JTG 4-7-8 : Sharing in the band 13.75 – 14 GHz (Resolution 733 (WRC-2000)) JTG 4-7-8-9 : 5 GHz band allocations (Resolution 736 (WRC-2000)) 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

SG 6 (WPs) WP 6A : Programme assembling and formatting WP 6E : Terrestrial delivery WP 6M : Interactive and multimedia broadcasting WP 6P : Content production / postproduction WP 6Q : Performance assessment and quality control WP 6R : Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television 　WP 6S : Satellite delivery 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

SG 6 (TGs) TG 6/6 : Recommendation for a digital broadcasting standard below 30 MHz TG 6/7 : Planning parameters for digital broadcasting at frequencies below 30 MHz TG 6/8 : Preparation for the Regional Radiocommunication Conference 2004 (RRC-04) 　TG 6/9 : Digital cinema 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

SG 7 WP 7A : Time signals and frequency standard emissions WP 7B : Space radio systems WP 7C : Earth-exploration satellite systems and meteorological elements WP 7D : Radioastronomy 　WP 7E : Inter-service sharing and compatibility 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

SG 8 WP 8A : Land mobile service excluding IMT- 2000 WP 8B : Maritime mobile service including Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GDMSS); aeronautical mobile service and radiodetermination service WP 8D : All mobile-satellite services and radiodetermination-satellite service WP 8F : IMT-2000 and systems beyond IMT- 2000 　JRG 8A-9B : Wireless access systems 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

SG 9 WP 9A : Performance and availability, interference objectives and analysis, effects of propagation and terminology WP 9B : Radio-frequency channel arrangements, radio system characteristics, interconnection, maintenance and various applications WP 9C : Systems below 30 MHz (HF and others) WP 9D : Sharing with other services (except for the FSS) 　JRG 6S-9D : Frequency sharing between the FS and BSS (sound) 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

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Documents Input Documents from Member States, Sector Members and International Organizations, etc. (White) Liaison Statements from other WPs, TGs, etc. (White) Output Documents (Yellow) Administrative Documents (Green/Blue) 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

Contributions from Member States, etc. Liaison Statements From other Groups Chairman’s Report Consider input Documents WPs, TGs, SGs, etc. Contributions To Parent SG Such as DNRs Liaison Statements To other Groups Documents carried on Chairman’s report 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

ITU Web page http://www.itu.int/ top page http://www.itu.int/ITU-R/ Submitted documents appear on the Web. You need a TIES account to download files. 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

Recommendations The ITU-R Recommendations provide a body of technical, operational and regulatory / procedural information that has been agreed upon by the participating administrations. 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

Production of Recs. Question Agenda Item Working Party Study based on Task Group Study based on contributions PDNR APPROVE DNR Study Group ADOPT Administration New Rec VOTE 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

How to Name Recs Recommendation ITU-R RA.769-1 RA:Radio Astronomy 769: sequential number -1 : Revision number 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

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RA series RA.314 Preferred frequency bands for radio astronomical measurements RA.479 Protection of frequencies for radioastronomical measurements in the shielded zone of the Moon RA.517 Protection of the radioastronomy service from transmitters in adjacent bands RA.611 Protection of the radioastronomy service from spurious emissions RA.769 Protection criteria used for radioastronomical measurements RA.1031 Protection of the radioastronomy service in frequency bands shared with other services RA.1237 Protection of the radio astronomy service from unwanted emissions resulting from applications of wideband digital modulation RA.1272 Protection of radio astronomy measurements above 60 GHz from ground based interference RA.1417 A radio-quiet zone in the vicinity of the L2 Sun-Earth Lagrange point RA.1513 Levels of data loss to radio astronomy observations and percentage-of-time criteria resulting from degradation by interference for frequency bands allocated to the radio astronomy on a primary basis 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

Current Frequency Allocations 9 kHz – 275 GHz < 9 kHz : 5.53 Administrations authorizing the use of frequencies below 9 kHz shall ensure that no harmful interference is caused thereby to the services to which the bands above 9 kHz are allocated. 5.54 Administrations conducting scientific research using frequencies below 9 kHz are urged to advise other administrations that may be concerned in order that such research may be afforded all practicable protection from harmful interference. 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

Secondary Primary alloc. direction footnotes RAS 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

Primary & Secondary Services a) services the names of which are printed in “capitals” (example: FIXED); these are called “primary” services; b) services the names of which are printed in “normal characters” (example: Mobile); these are called “secondary” services. Stations of a secondary service: a) shall not cause harmful interference to stations of primary services to which frequencies are already assigned or to which frequencies may be assigned at a later date; b) cannot claim protection from harmful interference from stations of a primary service to which frequencies are already assigned or may be assigned at a later date; c) can claim protection, however, from harmful interference from stations of the same or other secondary service(s) to which frequencies may be assigned at a later date. 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

Allocation > 275 GHz No allocation at present (only footnote 5.565) Provisional Agenda Item for WRC-2006 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

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5.565 The frequency band 275-1000 GHz may be used by administrations for experimentation with, and development of, various active and passive services. In this band a need has been identified for the following spectral line measurements for passive services: – radio astronomy service: 275‑323 GHz, 327‑371 GHz, 388‑424 GHz, 426‑442 GHz, 453‑510 GHz, 623‑711 GHz, 795‑909 GHz and 926-945 GHz; – Earth exploration-satellite service (passive) and space research service (passive): 275-277 GHz, 294‑306 GHz, 316‑334 GHz, 342‑349 GHz, 363‑365 GHz, 371‑389 GHz, 416‑434 GHz, 442‑444 GHz, 496‑506 GHz, 546‑568 GHz, 624‑629 GHz, 634‑654 GHz, 659‑661 GHz, 684‑692 GHz, 730‑732 GHz, 851‑853 GHz and 951‑956 GHz. Future research in this largely unexplored spectral region may yield additional spectral lines and continuum bands of interest to the passive services. Administrations are urged to take all practicable steps to protect these passive services from harmful interference until the date when the allocation Table is established in the above-mentioned frequency band.     (WRC‑2000) 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

RA bands defined in ITU Frequency usages are regulated in ITU RA bands  rights to be protected 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

Where are RA bands ? Frequency Bands(MHz) Frequency Bands(GHz) 13.360 - 13.410 25.550 - 25.670 37.5 - 38.25 73 - 74.6 150.05 - 153 322 - 328.6 406.1 - 410 608 - 614 1 400 - 1 427 (HI) 1 610.6 - 1 613.8 (OH) 1 660 - 1 670 (OH) 2 655 - 2 700 4 800 - 5 000 (H2CO) 10.6 - 10.7 14.47 – 14.50 (H2CO)0 15.35 - 15.40 22.21- 22.50 (H2O) 23.6 - 24.0 (NH3) 31.3 - 31.80 42.5 - 43.5 (SiO) 76 - 116 123 - 158.5 164 - 16700 200 - 231.500 241 - 275 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

New RA bands above 71 GHz 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

Shared RA bands In many RA bands, other services are also allocated. INTERFERENCE !? It is necessary to coordinate between RAS and other services. 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

Adjacent to RA bands In many cases, there are satellite services (FSS, MSS, BSS, etc) in downlink !! RA can not avoid interference by choosing sites. 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

Iridium Satellites Max hold 1 min IF output 5dB/div 1450-1950 MHz 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

Observed Interference at CRL 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

Interference by GSOs 21cm obs. at Bonn GSOs 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

Radio Frequency Interference Radio contaminations by artificial transmission (Telecomm., Radar, etc.) Serious Problem for low-frequency RA observations RFI will occur in higher frequencies 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

Necessary bandwidth 1.152 necessary bandwidth:  For a given class of emission, the width of the frequency band which is just sufficient to ensure the transmission of information at the rate and with the quality required under specified conditions. 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

Unwanted emissions 1.144 out-of-band emission:  Emission on a frequency or frequencies immediately outside the necessary bandwidth which results from the modulation process, but excluding spurious emissions. 1.145 spurious emission:  Emission on a frequency or frequencies which are outside the necessary bandwidth and the level of which may be reduced without affecting the corresponding transmission of information. Spurious emissions include harmonic emissions, parasitic emissions, intermodulation products and frequency conversion products, but exclude out-of-band emissions. 1.146 unwanted emissions:  Consist of spurious emissions and out-of-band emissions.   2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

Appendix to Article 3 For the purpose of setting limits, all emissions, including harmonic emissions, intermodulation products, frequency conversion products and parasitic emissions, which fall at frequencies separated from the centre frequency of the emission by ± 250%, or more, of the necessary bandwidth of the emission will generally be considered as spurious emissions. 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

Necessary bandwidth Δf 2.0 x Δf 2.0 x Δf Spurious Spurious emission OOB OOB frequency 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

Roadmap of Communication 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

HAPS Issue High Altitude Platform Stations Airships at 20 km altitude For Broadband communication US – 47 GHz region Japan – 31 GHz region 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

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HDFS at 43GHz High Density Fixed Service→broadband communication Includes the SiO band (42.5-43.5GHz) It may degrade pointing accuracy. Since 2000, we are collaborating to avoid interference to the RAS band. 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

Other RFI?s BS around 608 – 614 MHz in Europe  New RFI? for Urmuqi and GMRT MSS near 1.4 GHz (HI) band RNSS near 5 GHz (H2CO) band Internet access from aircrafts (Boeing) near 14.5 GHz (H2CO) band 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

Space Solar Power Satellite Generation of Electricity in Orbit Up to 10 GW  Rectenna 10kmx10km Microwave Power transfer @ 2.45 GHz  Interference at 5 GHz (H2CO band) 40 dB higher than interference level detrimental to the RAS 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

Similar Problems might occur in IR/Optical Astronomy RFI  IRFI  OFI Similar Problems might occur in IR/Optical Astronomy 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

Above 10 THz issue 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

Optical Communication Laser Communications > 10 THz has been studied  Probable Problems in NEAR FUTURE 2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002

2018/11/24 IUCAF Summer School 2002