Production and Reproduction Teacher Quality Grant “Enhancing Elementary Teachers' Content Knowledge of Ecosystems across Georgia” Production and Reproduction

Photosynthesis N photosynthesis What do the plants do with their sugar (glucose)? N photosynthesis Try to grow and reproduce!

There are a lot of different growth points on trees! Allocation There are a lot of different growth points on trees!

Roots Feeder roots to acquire water and nutrients, coarse roots to provide support and storage. Measurement: Ingrowth Cores Rhizotrons Install root-free soil contained in a mesh bag and let the roots grow into it over time (remove with a knife). Place a plexi-glass window in the soil and let the roots grow along it over time (keep it dark).

Roots Feeder roots to acquire water and nutrients, coarse roots to provide support and storage. Measurement: Ingrowth Cores Rhizotrons Both approaches allow seasonal assessments of feeder root growth. + Easy set up - Feeder roots only - Not too visual + Visual - Feeder roots only - Involved set up

Trunk and Branches Support for leaves. Measurement: Allometric Equations: estimate tree weight based on diameter and height. Tree height (H) measured with a clinometer. Clinometers measure height based on the distance from the tree. Clinometers don’t have to be expensive. + Easy to use - Some are expensive

Trunk and Branches Support for leaves. Measurement: Allometric Equations: estimate tree weight based on diameter and height. Trunk diameter (D) measured with a D-tape. Report diameters based on circumference. It is standard practice to measure diameter 4.5 feet above the ground surface - DBH

Trunk and Branches Support for leaves. Measurement: Allometric Equations: estimate tree weight based on diameter and height. Tree height (H) measured with a clinometer. Trunk diameter (D) measured with a D-tape. The equation can be used once to see how much a tree weighs, or many times to see how much weight the tree gains over time. Tree Weight (pounds) = 0.19 * H * D2

Trunk and Branches Support for leaves. Measurement: Dendrometer Bands: follow the change in tree diameter over time. + Easy to use - Some are expensive Tree trunks grow laterally rather (than vertically), and dendrometer bands expand with lateral growth.

Trunk and Branches Support for leaves. Measurement: Increment Cores: use ring analysis to measure tree age and growth. Pine trees in our area develop distinct annual growth rings. Each year, pines add 2 rings: • Early wood (light) • Late wood (dark) Both types of wood are made of the same cells – tracheids. • Early wood tracheids large diameter thin walls developed in the Spring • Late wood tracheids small diameter thick walls developed in the Summer

Trunk and Branches Support for leaves. Measurement: Increment Cores: use ring analysis to measure tree age and growth. Pine trees in our area develop distinct annual growth rings. Each year, pines add 2 rings: • Early wood (light) • Late wood (dark) Both types of wood are made of the same cells – tracheids. An increment borer can be used to remove a small core without harming the tree (too much). + Pretty easy to use Borers are expensive Rings are harder to see in hardwoods

- Can’t go back too many years Twigs (Small Stems) Support for leaves. Measurement: Terminal Bud Scale Scar Analysis: use the distance between terminal bud scale scars to measure annual twig growth. + Pretty easy - Can’t go back too many years

Photosynthesis and reproduction! Leaves, Cones, and Seeds Photosynthesis and reproduction! Measurement: Litter Traps: catch “litterfall” in a defined area. Knowing the area of the trap allows you to scale the estimate up to a tree or areal basis. The “litter” can be sorted into: • needles • cones • seeds • other (branches) counted, and weighed. + Easy - Very seasonal

Pines (and other conifers) reproduce using cones! Pine Life Cycle Pines (and other conifers) reproduce using cones! Male (Staminate) Cones Female (Ovulate) Cones Small & fleshy 1st year Produce pollen 2nd year immature https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sFZMNBFCUbM Plant sperm 2nd year mature Why are male cones usually located lower on the tree than the female cones?

Pine Life Cycle Pines (and other conifers) reproduce using cones! Most other plants reproduce using flowers! Flowering plants use animals for pollination!

Pine Life Cycle Pines (and other conifers) reproduce using cones! Most other plants reproduce using flowers! Flowering plants use animals for pollination! Carrion plant flowers look and smell like rotting meat, attracting scavenging flies Some orchid flowers look like female wasps, attracting male wasps Some associations are very specific. Fly on Stapelia lepida flower Wasp pseudocopulating with Chiloglottis trapeziformis flower

Pine Life Cycle Pines (and other conifers) reproduce using cones! Most other plants reproduce using flowers! Petals (corolla) advertise to specific animals • Animals visit to drink nectar and bump into pollen producing stamen. • Pollen grains stick to the animals • When the animals visit another flower, the pollen is transferred to the stigma. Efficient pollination! Compare to wind-based pollination in conifers

Pine Life Cycle Pines (and other conifers) reproduce using cones! Most other plants reproduce using flowers! American Robin After pollination and fertilization, the ovary develops into a fruit Scientific name = Turdus migratorius Efficient seed dispersal! Compare to wind-based dispersal in conifers Fruits promote seed dispersal. Plant diversity is very high under powerlines!

Credits: Photosynthesis: http://www.slideshare.net/FJHScience/2013-photosynthesis Excavated Tree: https://www.tes.com/lessons/AzCNDWDJ3fgQ5Q/types-of-root-system Ingrowth Core: http://lter.kbs.msu.edu/protocols/124 Ingrowth Core in Field: http://www.forestry.gov.uk/fr/infd-626awt Rhizotron: https://atrium2.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10214/7011/Mycorrhizae_pine_roots_ in_rhizotron.jpg?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Clinometer: https://uiconfluenceproject.wordpress.com/author/jjennewein/ Geometry Figure: http://www.codeabbey.com/index/task_view/tree-height-measurement Forestry Supplier Clinometer: https://www.google.com/search?q=Tree+Height+and+distance&rlz=1T4VRHB_ enUS603US620&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjK4oyf_IvNAhVF4CYKHcMgBDwQ_AUIBygB&biw= 1344&bih=651#imgrc=7Ngki0wWvqA75M%3A Kids with Clinometers: http://aimsigh.blogspot.com/2013/03/measuring-height-of-trees.html DBH Measurement: https://www.google.com/search?q=DBH&biw=1600&bih=783&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa= X&ved=0ahUKEwj-cjA3orNAhWBfCYKHbJ6BC4Q_AUIBigB#tbm=isch&q=dbh+tree&imgrc=gcnCzwWP2nid8M%3A D-Tape: https://www.forestrytools.com.au/index.php?id=386 DBH Measurement: http://livingstontownship.org/?page_id=8826 Dendrometer Bands: http://www.camcore.org/projects/ Trunk with Bicycle: https://www.reddit.com/r/mildlyinteresting/comments/2zxopx/the_way_this_tree_ate_this_bench Pine Cross-section: http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/diagram/16849/cross-section-of-a-pine-log Tracheid Micrograph: http://www.wsl.ch/info/mitarbeitende/fonti/FandB Increment Corer: http://brenresearchblog.com/dendrochronology-trees-of-the-past-forests-of-the-future-2/ Increment Core: https://www.google.com/search?q=DBH&biw=1600&bih=783&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj -5cjA3orNAhWBfCYKHbJ6BC4Q_AUIBigB#tbm=isch&q=pine+increment+core&imgrc=Doxlxt5nXzjrFM%3A Twig Figure: http://slideplayer.com/slide/7006028/ Twig Picture: https://www.google.com/search?q=DBH&biw=1600&bih=783&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj- 5cjA3orNAhWBfCYKHbJ6BC4Q_AUIBigB#tbm=isch&q=twig+terminal+bud+scale+scars&imgrc=xGuTr7PYhEthVM %3A Litter Traps: http://www.outrop.com/uploads/7/2/4/9/7249041/litterfall.pdf Pine Life Cycle: http://bilingualbiology10.blogspot.com/2010/12/vascular-plants-flowering-gymnosperms.html

Credits: First Year Ovulate Cone: http://ecflora.cavehill.uwi.edu/bio_courses/bl14apl/gym3.htm Second Year Immature Ovulate Cone: https://forageporage.wordpress.com/2011/11/12/austrian-pine-several-thousand-words/ Second Year Mature Ovulate Cone: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Conifer_cone_park.jpg Pine Seed: https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/reproduction-in-seeds-plants/deck/13025156 Staminate Pine Cone: http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/dox/altgen.html Winged Pine Seed: https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/reproduction-in-seeds-plants/deck/13025156 Pollination Collage: varied sources Fly on Flower: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stapelia_lepida.jpg Wasp Pseudocopulating with Flower: http://www.bowerbird.org.au/projects/3905/sightings?sort=a-z&pagesize=15&page=2 Flower Parts Figure: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oZyMVoOIYJY Red Flower with Honeybee: http://www.examiner.com/article/what-you-can-do-to-help-the-honey-bees-los-angeles Honeybee Covered in Pollen: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Bees/bees3.php Pollen Grain: https://www.emaze.com/@ALIRLFFR/Presentation-Name Stigma with Pollen: http://theseedsofscience.com/2014/02/07/why-do-plants-have-biased-sex-ratios/ American Robin Eating Berry: http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/photo/american-robin-eating-pyracantha-berries-high-res-stock- photography/128622479 Birds on a Powerline: http://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-2815414-stock-footage-large-flock-of-birds-on-a-electrical-wire.html