Tsunamis and Tsunami Detection Systems

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Presentation transcript:

Tsunamis and Tsunami Detection Systems December 1, 2010 Physical Oceanography Presentation Jeana Drake Tsunamis and Tsunami Detection Systems

What is a tsunami? Shallow water wave Long wavelength ~200 km Small amplitude in open ocean ~30 cm Caused by earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, meteor impacts l h Tsunami = japanese for harbor wave = 200,000 m, hmax = 5000 m h/l = 1/40 h/l < 1/20 = shallow water wave

Why are tsunamis a problem? Shallower depths near coasts force a decrease in l That water has to go somewhere Increase amplitude E = (1/2)rga2 r = density g = gravity a = amplitude Except for very large tsunamis, waves do not break. Bays may shape tsunami and force increased amplitude.

Tsunami warning: simple c = √(gh) g ~10 m/s haverage ~ 4000 m c ~ 200 m/s Portugal to Cuba (1755) ~7000 km ~9.5 hrs www.noaa.gov

Tsunami warning: complicated Regional Seismic data from local earthquakes Coastal tide gauges DART buoys International DART SOFAR channel DART = deep ocean assessment and report of tsunamis, developed by NOAA SOFAR = sound fixing and ranging channel – depth at which the speed of sound is minimal, traps earthquake energy www.noaa.gov

Tsunami warning: New GPS-based detection of horizontal & vertical movement of the seafloor near an epicenter. GREAT GITEWS Quicker calculations Fewer false alarms

References DART. www.noaa.gov Falk et al. 2010. Near real-time GPS applications for tsunami early warning systems. Natural Hazards and Earth System Science 10: 181-190. Knauss, J.A. 1997. Introduction to Physical Oceanography. Waveland Press, Inc. Song, Y.T. 2007. Detecting tsunami genesis and scales directly from coastal GPS stations. Geophysical Research Letters: 34.