How do we study brain/behavior relationships? Populations: Animal Models: advantages: disadvantages:

talk about how no animals are ever touched at any University without approval of a 30 or so member committee that includes scientists, vets, community members, etc to ensure ……

Human Models populations with injuries or disease normal populations

Humans History: phrenology:

Non-invasive ways of viewing brain function Assessment of Structure vs Function

Structure CT or Cat Scan

CT Scan

Structure CT or Cat Scan 3 D xrays

Structure CT or Cat Scan MRI's

magnetic resonance imaging

I think this was identical twins discordant for schizophrenia -

CT MRI

Ways to look at function EEG - electroencephalogram talk about how the EEG measures EPSPs of cortical neurons

Ways to look at function EEG – electroencephalogram ERPs – evoked related potentials brief discussion of what ERPs are

could talk about how this is changed in alcoholics and we might attribute that to brain damage from alcoholism but that we also can see an altered P wave in some individuals with family history + who have not yet had alcohol (a biomarker?)

Ways to look at function PET scans rCBF – regional cerebral blood flow Premise – more blood flow means more (neuronal) activity

Ways to look at function PET scans rCBF 2DG – 2 deoxyglucose Premise – need for more sugar – need for more energy – more (neuronal) activity

Ways to look at function PET scans rCBG 2DG

Structure and Function fMRIs

More Invasive methodology Histological analysis Lesion studies Rationale – if an area is damaged and behavior changes….. the neurons in that area play a role?

Electrical stimulation Rationale: if we stimulate an area and we produce or stop a particular behavior….the neurons in that region are important for that behavior

Delgado’s classic experiment use delgado to demonstrate how we have to be careful about interpreting behavior

Electrical stimulation Pharmacological manipulations Use of drugs and various agents

a lot more techniques are available Microdialysis- looks at the amount of neurotransmitter released in a region of the brain….