Cermack M British Journal of Anaesthesia

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Monitoring and telemedicine support in remote environments and in human space flight Cermack M British Journal of Anaesthesia Volume 97, Issue 1, Pages 107-114 (July 2006) DOI: 10.1093/bja/ael132 Copyright © 2006 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions

Fig 1 A typical portable broadband telecommunication system in the field. Left: data acquisition part (e.g. document camera, endoscope, ECG); middle: videoconferencing, data storage and processing device (Scotty Mobile); right: satellite modem with antenna. The communication is through Inmarsat geostationary satellite, minimal bandwidth is 64 kps. (Scotty Group Inc., Graz, Austria, FS Communication, Effretikon, Switzerland and Applied Space Technology, Lachen Switzerland.) British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006 97, 107-114DOI: (10.1093/bja/ael132) Copyright © 2006 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions

Fig 2 Testing different telemedicine architectures in the mock-up of the ISS in the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Centre, Star City, Russia. Courtesy of ‘Telemedicine Assistance Onboard the Russian Segment of International Space Station’, DLR Project Nr WB 0148. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006 97, 107-114DOI: (10.1093/bja/ael132) Copyright © 2006 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions

Fig 3 Russian ORLAN–DM Spacesuit, used for extravehicular activities (EVA) at the ISS. Courtesy of GCTC Gagarin Cosmonauts’ Training Centre, Star City, Russian Federation and DLR Project W 0148. Parameters measured during the EVA are suit environment, with temperature, pressure, O2, CO2, ECG, respiration and radiation exposure. They are collected on board the ISS and transmitted to the earth during telecommunication sessions. The atmosphere inside the suit is oxygen at approximately 0.3–0.4 kPa, the ISS operates on normal air at 1.0 kPa. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006 97, 107-114DOI: (10.1093/bja/ael132) Copyright © 2006 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions