Ergogenic Aids in Sport Chapter 16 Ergogenic Aids in Sport

Chapter 16 Overview Researching ergogenic aids Nutritional ergogenic aids Anti-doping codes and drug testing Prohibited substances and techniques

Ergogenic Aids Introduction Ergogenic (work-producing) versus ergolytic (work-decreasing) substances Athletes experiment, hoping for even slight improvement in performance

Researching Ergogenic Aids To classify as “performance enhancing” must be proven by research Placebo effect Placebo: inactive substance that looks like the real thing Expectations affect physiological response Double-blind experimental design (continued)

Figure 16.1

Researching Ergogenic Aids (continued) Factors that can limit research Studies can miss small effects Equipment inaccuracy Research variability Testing situations (lab vs. field) Reliance on supplement label that is inaccurate

Nutritional Ergogenic Aids: Bicarbonate Proposed benefits Increased blood pH and buffering capacity Delayed onset of anaerobic fatigue Demonstrated effects 300 mg / kg   all-out performance for 1 to 7 min Enhanced H+ removal from muscle fibers Risks GI discomfort (bloating, cramping) Sodium citrate  similar results without risks

Figure 16.2

Nutritional Ergogenic Aids: b-Alanine Proposed benefits Increased intracellular buffering Demonstrated effects – Increased muscle cell carnosine levels Risks Paresthesia (tingling of the skin)

Video 16.1 When you are in the normal view of the PowerPoint slides, you should right-click on the image and then choose “Open hyperlink” to play the video. In the slide show view, you will simply click on the image to play the video. You must have an Internet connection in order to link to the streaming video. In this video, Nicholas Burd explains the role of leucine in muscle repair and growth.

Nutritional Ergogenic Aids: Caffeine Central nervous system stimulant Sympathomimetic effects similar to amphetamines (but weaker) Proposed benefits – Increased alertness and concentration Improved energy level Faster response (continued)

Nutritional Ergogenic Aids: Caffeine (continued) Demonstrated effects – Elevated mood – Decreased fatigue Lowered perception of effort – Increased fat metabolism Risks Nervousness, tremors Insomnia, disruption of normal sleep patterns Addictive

Nutritional Ergogenic Aids: Cherry Juice Polyphenols Proposed benefits Pain reduction from anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties Demonstrated effects – Perceived reduction of muscle pain in research subjects

Nutritional Ergogenic Aids: Creatine Proposed benefits Enhanced peak power production during intense exercise Improved recovery from high-intensity exercise Demonstrated effects Increased muscle PCr content Enhanced performance in high-power exercise Strength gains when combined with resistance training (continued)

Nutritional Ergogenic Aids: Creatine (continued) Risks Kidney damage in athletes who used massive doses May not improve performance Expectations exceed true benefits Performance enhancement more likely in sports involving brief, high-intensity exercise Individual variability in response

Nutritional Ergogenic Aids: Nitrate Proposed benefits Increased delivery of O2 and nutrients to active skeletal muscle Demonstrated effects – Improved time to exhaustion Reduced O2 consumption Reduced systolic blood pressure Risks Adverse effects in people taking medications that affect NO metabolism

Anti-Doping Codes and Drug Testing: The World Anti-Doping Code Substance or practice considered if it meets two of three: Has the potential to enhance sport performance Has the potential to harm the athlete Violates the spirit of sport Therapeutic use exemption Check prescribed drugs against banned substances list

Anti-Doping Codes and Drug Testing: Contamination of Supplements Purity Supplement labels may be inaccurate Accidental or purposeful contamination Athletes using supplements risking penalties for banned substances Potency May contain negligible values of the desired substance Some products contain  ‏≤ 150% of dose listed on label

Prohibited Substances and Techniques: Stimulants Include amphetamines and related compounds Also known as sympathomimetic amines Proposed benefits Suppress appetite, boost metabolism Combat fatigue Heighten concentration and alertness Induce sense of indestructibility Improve performance (continued)

Prohibited Substances and Techniques: Stimulants (continued) Demonstrated effects – Higher state of arousal  increased energy, self-confidence, faster decision making – Decreased fatigue – Increased HR, blood pressure, blood flow, blood glucose, and FFAs (continued)

Prohibited Substances and Techniques: Stimulants (continued) Risks Death Cardiac arrhythmia Addiction (psychological, physiological) Side effects: nervousness, anxiety, aggression, insomnia

Prohibited Substances and Techniques: Anabolic Steroids Anabolic steroid use Banned in all sports Anabolic-androgenic: male sex hormones Proposed benefits Increased muscle mass and strength Reduced fat mass Facilitate recovery after exhaustive exercise (continued)

Prohibited Substances and Techniques: Anabolic Steroids (continued) Demonstrated effects – Increased body mass and fat-free mass (FFM) – Increased total body potassium and nitrogen (FFM markers) – Increased muscle size and strength Decreased muscle fiber damage after exhaustive lifting Dose threshold for anabolic effects Small doses ineffective Large, chronic doses very effective (continued)

Figure 16.3

Figure 16.4

Prohibited Substances and Techniques: Anabolic Steroids (continued) Risks Children: smaller adult stature Men: excess estrogen (breast enlargement), testicular atrophy, reduced sperm count, impotence Women: disrupted menstruation/ovulation, development of masculine sex characteristics Cancer (prostrate, liver) Cardiac hypertrophy, cardiomyopathy, heart attack Thrombosis, arrhythmia, hypertension Decreased HDL, increased LDL Personality changes: aggression, violence

Prohibited Substances and Techniques: Human Growth Hormone Proposed benefits Stimulation of protein, nucleic acid synthesis Stimulation of bone growth (young athletes) Stimulation of IGF-1 synthesis – Increase in FFA mobilization, decreased fat mass – Increase in blood glucose levels Enhanced healing after injury (continued)

Prohibited Substances and Techniques: Human Growth Hormone (continued) Demonstrated effects – Older men: increased FFM and bone density, decreased fat mass Risks Acromegaly  skin thickening; soft tissue growth; broadening of face, hands, feet Enlargement of internal organs Cardiomyopathy Hypertension Glucose intolerance/diabetes

Prohibited Substances and Techniques: Diuretics Proposed benefits Temporary weight reduction Dilution of banned substances in urine samples Demonstrated effects Significant temporary weight loss Dehydration Risks Impaired thermoregulation Electrolyte imbalance  fatigue, muscle cramping, cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac arrest

Prohibited Substances and Techniques: b-blockers Proposed benefits Enhanced physical steadiness For shooters, more time to aim between heartbeats Demonstrated effects – Decreased resting, submaximal, and maximal HR Risks Light-headedness from low blood pressure Fatigue, impaired performance Bronchospasm in asthmatics Hypoglycemia in type II diabetics

Prohibited Substances and Techniques: Blood Doping Blood doping is any means by which red blood cell count increases Transfusion of red blood cells Infusions of artificial hemoglobin Use of erythropoietin (EPO) or EPO-stimulating substances Proposed benefits Enhanced oxygen-carrying capacity Improved endurance performance (continued)

Prohibited Substances and Techniques: Blood Doping (continued) Demonstrated effects – Increased V•O2max (long term) – Enhanced endurance performance (short term) Benefit more evident in second half of race Risks Blood becomes too viscous  excessive clotting, heart failure Blood matching complications Exposure to bloodborne diseases

Figure 16.5

Figure 16.6