Edward C. Jordan Memorial Offering of the First Course under the Indo-US Inter-University Collaborative Initiative in Higher Education and Research: Electromagnetics for Electrical and Computer Engineering by Nannapaneni Narayana Rao Edward C. Jordan Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, Illinois, USA Amrita Viswa Vidya Peetham, Coimbatore July 10 – August 11, 2006

Polarization of Sinusoidally 3.6 Polarization of Sinusoidally Time-Varying Fields

Polarization is the characteristic which describes how the position of the tip of the vector varies with time. Linear Polarization: Tip of the vector describes a line. Circular Polarization: describes a circle.

Elliptical Polarization: Tip of the vector describes an ellipse. (i) Linear Polarization Linearly polarized in the x direction. Direction remains along the x axis Magnitude varies sinusoidally with time

Direction remains along the y axis Magnitude varies sinusoidally with time Linearly polarized in the y direction. If two (or more) component linearly polarized vectors are in phase, (or in phase opposition), then their sum vector is also linearly polarized. Ex:

(ii) Circular Polarization If two component linearly polarized vectors are (a) equal to amplitude (b) differ in direction by 90˚ (c) differ in phase by 90˚, then their sum vector is circularly polarized.

Example:

(iii) Elliptical Polarization In the general case in which either of (i) or (ii) is not satisfied, then the sum of the two component linearly polarized vectors is an elliptically polarized vector. Ex:

Example:

1.5- D3.17 F1 and F2 are equal in amplitude (= F0) and differ in direction by 90˚. The phase difference (say f) depends on z in the manner –2pz – (–3pz) = pz. (a) At (3, 4, 0), f = p(0) = 0. (b) At (3, –2, 0.5), f = p(0.5) = 0.5 p.

(c) At (–2, 1, 1), f = p(1) = p. (d) At (–1, –3, 0.2) = f = p(0.2) = 0.2p.