1 Doulaye Koné SANDEC / EAWAG – Switzerland Tel.+41 44 823 55 53 Faecal Sludge Collection and transport technologies Environmental.

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1 Doulaye Koné SANDEC / EAWAG – Switzerland Tel Faecal Sludge Collection and transport technologies Environmental sanitation planning and infrastructures in developing countries

% of cities and towns in developing countries served by on-site sanitation (latrines and septic tanks) 3.Lack of regulations, illegal dumping and use of FS untreated 2.All installations produce FS to be collected ( trucks replacing sewer lines ?) On-site sanitation = the hidden reality

Engineers thrusts and beliefs How to empty this pit ? What happens next ? Challenges: how to shift our mind set?

4 Problems Pit emptying and FS haulage No access to pits Traffic congestion The challenge

Distance? Reuse potential? Humidity (hygienic quality)? Additional treatment (storage)? Greywater collection transportation and treatment? Quantity (size of neighbourhood)? Business opportunity? The challenge

Latrines emptying technology How does latrines technologies influence emptying technologies and performances ?

DRY PIT LATRINE

POUR FLUSH LATRINE

FLUSHING WITH GREY WATER

SUCKING FROM TOP LEAVES DENSE SLUDGE

WATER ADDED FROM TOP DOES NOT MIX

HAND STIRRING IS NOT EFFECTIVE

SUCKING FROM BOTTOM REMOVES SLUDGE FIRST

INJECTED WATER MIXES WITH SLUDGE

WATERTIGHT PIT BOTTOM MAKES SUCKING EASIER

Urine diverted latrine

Low - Low - : Low + Med: med + High - : High + 1.low - viscosity zone 2.low - : low + viscosity zone 3.med : med + viscosity zone 4.high - : high + viscosity zone Faecal sludge viscosity

In the street Manual emptying (70%) Dupimg in the street, Reuse in agriculture Manual emptying where trucks cannot access/pump or households cannot pay the service Photo: P. Blunier, 2004

Manual emptying where trucks cannot access/pump or households cannot pay the service

Transportation of manually-emptied solids and liquids

Collection of dried sludge Locally manufactured emptying technology Animal-cart transportation

Vacutug Specifications WEIGHT: 950 KG. SIZE : L 3900mm X W 1350-mm X H 2000 mm SPEED: 5 Km/hr ENGINE: Four stroke 8 HP HONDA models GX240 petrol engine with Electronic ignition. VACUUM PUMP TANK : 500 liters capacity CAPITAL COST of MARK II: USD$ 5,100 (excluding freight)

UN-Habitat Vacutug

24 A Vietnamese model e.g. Haiphong: Tanks in narrow lanes accessible by small vehicles

TRACTOR TRAILED VACUUM TANKER

MICRAVAC

Imported cesspits trucks Expensive maintenance Spare parts often lacking Out of age Not appropriate

Locally manufactured cesspits trucks Low-cost operation and maintenance Maintenance skills and spare parts available

Locally manufactured cesspits trucks