An Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850 - 1871 Chapter 22 An Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850 - 1871

The France of Napoleon III Louis Napoleon: Toward the Second Empire Seized the government December 1851 when the National Assembly rejected his desire to stand for reelection Universal male suffrage Restoration of the Empire, November 21, 1852 The Second Napoleonic Empire Authoritarian government Legislative Corps Economic prosperity Reconstruction of Paris Broad streets Limited freedom Opposition

Foreign policy: Crimean War The Ottoman Empire Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire Encroachment of the Russian Empire Russian religious bonds with Greek Orthodox Christians The War Russian-Ottoman War, October 4, 1853 Britain and France declare war on Russia, March 28, 1854 British fear of Russian control of the Dardanelle France felt Russians had insulted them Destroys the Concert of Europe War ends in 1856 Political effects of the war

Decline of the Ottoman Empire ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Decline of the Ottoman Empire

©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. The Crimean War

National Unification: Italy and Germany Unification of Italy Kingdom of Savoy Victor Emmanuel II, 1849-1878 Count Camillo di Cavour (1810-1861) Napoleon III alliance with Piedmont, 1858 War with Austria, 1859 Plebiscites in northern Italy, 1860 Guiseppi Garibaldi (1807-1882) Invasion of Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, 1860 Kingdom of Italy, 1861 Annexation of Venetia, 1866 Annexation of Rome, 1870

The Unification of Italy ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. The Unification of Italy

Unification of Germany Zollverein New constitution, 1848 William I, 1861-1888 Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898) Realpolitik Reorganization of the army The Danish War (1864) Schleswig and Holstein Joint administration with Austria Austro-Prussian War (1866) Austrian defeat at Königgrätz, July 3, 1866 North German Confederation Military agreements with Prussia

The Unification of Germany

Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) Throne of Spain Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen French declaration of war, July 15, 1870 Battle of Sedan, September 2, 1870 Siege of Paris, capitulates January 28, 1871 Peace treaty: indemnity of 5 billion francs (about $1 billion); surrender of Alsace and Lorraine William I proclaimed kaiser, January 8, 1871, of the Second German Empire Nation Building and Reform: The National State in Mid-Century The Austrian Empire: Toward a Dual Monarchy Francis Joseph, 1848-1916 Ausgleich, Compromise, 1867 Dual monarchy German and Magyars dominate minorities Francis Joseph Emperor of Austria/King of Hungary commonalities

©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Europe in 1871

Ethnic Groups in the Dual Monarchy ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Ethnic Groups in the Dual Monarchy

Great Britain: The Victorian Age Imperial Russia Alexander II, 1855-1881 Emancipation of serfs, March 3, 1861 Zemstvos (local assemblies) Alexander Herzen (1812-1870), populism Alexander III Great Britain: The Victorian Age Queen Victoria, 1837-1901 Henry John Temple, Lord Palmerston (1784-1865) Whig without strong party loyalty Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881) Conservative Extension of voting rights Reform Act, 1867 William Gladstone (1809-1898) Liberal Reforms

The United States: Civil War and Reunion Population growth, North and South Cotton economy in the South 93% produced by slave labor by 1850 4 million slaves by 1860 Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 Election of Abraham Lincoln, November 1860 Secession of South Carolina, December 20,1860 Civil War, 1861-1865 600,000 soldiers died Emancipation Proclamation, January 1, 1863 Emergence of the Canadian Nation Rebellion, 1837 Canadian nation established by Parliament, 1867

The United States: The West and Civil War ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. The United States: The West and Civil War

Industrialization and the Marxist Response Industrialization on the Continent Mechanization of cotton and textile industry Railroads stimulate iron and coal industries Iron industry modernized Elimination of barriers to international trade Joint-stock investment banks Government allows and encourages Weak trade unions

Science and Culture in an Age of Realism Marx and Marxism Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895), Communist Manifesto, 1848 “Wage slavery” Engels, The Conditions of the Working Class in England, 1844 Bourgeoisie and proletariat Classless society Marx, Das Kapital Science and Culture in an Age of Realism A New Age of Science Dmitri Mendeleyev – atomic weights Michael Faraday – generator

Charles Darwin and the Theory of Organic Evolution H.M.S. Beagle On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection The Descent of Man, 1871 Revolution in Health Care Louis Pasteur (1822-95), bacteriology Joseph Lister (1827-1912), antiseptics Training of doctors New Public Health Measures Medical associations Women in Medicine Elizabeth Blackwell (1821-1910) Female Medical College of Pennsylvania

Science and the Study of Society Auguste Comte (1787-1857), System of Positive Philosophy Positive knowledge Math foundation on which the physical sciences built Sociology Realism in Literature and Art The Realistic Novel Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880), Madame Bovary, 1857 William Thackeray (1811-1863), Vanity Fair, 1848 Charles Dickens (1812-1870) Realism in Art Gustave Courbet (1819-1877) Portrayal of everyday life Jean-François Millet (1814-1875) Scenes from rural life

Music: The Twilight of Romanticism New German School -- emotional Franz Liszt (1811-1886) – piano Richard Wagner (1813-1883) – national opera Gesamtkunstwerk (total art work) The Ring of the Nibelung