Can functional electric stimulation-assisted rowing reproduce a race-winning rowing stroke?1  Suzanne E. Halliday, DPhil, Amy B. Zavatsky, DPhil, Kazunori Hase, PhD  Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation  Volume 85, Issue 8, Pages 1265-1272 (August 2004) DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2003.11.025

Fig 1 Ergometer handle force plotted as a function of the percentage of rowing cycle, with the horizontal axis normalized to 100% of the rowing cycle. Solid lines denote the 5 university-level rowers (24 strokes/min); the broken line denotes the rower with SCI (23 strokes/min). Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2004 85, 1265-1272DOI: (10.1016/j.apmr.2003.11.025)

Fig 2 AP, ML, and vertical components of the foot cradle force plotted as a function of the percentage of rowing cycle, with the horizontal axis normalized to 100% of the rowing cycle. Solid lines represent the mean ±1 standard deviation (SD) for the university-level rowers; the dotted line denotes the rower with SCI. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2004 85, 1265-1272DOI: (10.1016/j.apmr.2003.11.025)

Fig 3 Flexion (Flex) and extension (Ext) motion components of the hip, knee, and ankle plotted as a function of percentage of rowing cycle, with the horizontal axis normalized to 100% of the rowing cycle. Solid lines represent the mean ±1 SD for the university-level rowers; the dotted line denotes the rower with SCI. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2004 85, 1265-1272DOI: (10.1016/j.apmr.2003.11.025)

Fig 4 Flexion and extension motion components of the shoulder, elbow, and wrist plotted as a function of percentage of rowing cycle, with the horizontal axis normalized to 100% of the rowing cycle. Solid lines represent the mean ±1 SD for the university-level rowers; the dotted line denotes the rower with SCI. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2004 85, 1265-1272DOI: (10.1016/j.apmr.2003.11.025)

Fig 5 Flexion and extension moments at the ankle, hip, and knee plotted as a function of percentage of rowing cycle, with the horizontal axis normalized to 100% of the rowing cycle. Solid lines represent the mean ±1 SD for the university-level rowers; the dotted line denotes the rower with SCI. Abbreviations: DF, dorsiflexion; PF, plantarflexion. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2004 85, 1265-1272DOI: (10.1016/j.apmr.2003.11.025)

Fig 6 Electromyographic onset and offset periods plotted as a function of percentage of rowing cycle for muscles with similar patterns of activity in the university-level rowers: (A) rectus femoris, (B) vastus medialis, (C) semimembranosus, (D) gluteus maximus, (E) medial gastrocnemius, and (F) soleus. The solid bar indicates that the amplitude normalized electromyographic signal was greater than 10% of its maximum value in the rowing cycle. The rower with SCI used his medial quadriceps during the drive phase and his medial hamstrings muscles during the recovery phase. Abbreviation: OUBC, Oxford University Boat Club. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2004 85, 1265-1272DOI: (10.1016/j.apmr.2003.11.025)

Fig 6 Electromyographic onset and offset periods plotted as a function of percentage of rowing cycle for muscles with similar patterns of activity in the university-level rowers: (A) rectus femoris, (B) vastus medialis, (C) semimembranosus, (D) gluteus maximus, (E) medial gastrocnemius, and (F) soleus. The solid bar indicates that the amplitude normalized electromyographic signal was greater than 10% of its maximum value in the rowing cycle. The rower with SCI used his medial quadriceps during the drive phase and his medial hamstrings muscles during the recovery phase. Abbreviation: OUBC, Oxford University Boat Club. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2004 85, 1265-1272DOI: (10.1016/j.apmr.2003.11.025)

Fig 7 Electromyographic onset and offset periods plotted as a function of percentage of rowing cycle for muscles with variable patterns of activity in the university-level rowers: (A) adductor magnus, (B) tibialis anterior, (C) rectus abdominus, and (D) erector spinae at L5. The solid bar indicates that the amplitude normalized electromyographic signal was greater than 10% of its maximum value in the rowing cycle. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2004 85, 1265-1272DOI: (10.1016/j.apmr.2003.11.025)