Nat. Rev. Cardiol. doi: /nrcardio

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Nat. Rev. Cardiol. doi: /nrcardio

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Nat. Rev. Cardiol. doi: /nrcardio

Figure 2 The US Centers for Disease Control and

Nat. Rev. Cardiol. doi: /nrcardio

Reproduced with permission from Yancy, C. W. et al. 2017

Figure 5 BMI and cardiorespiratory fitness levels

Figure 4 BMI and mortality in patients with heart failure

Nat. Rev. Cardiol. doi: /nrcardio

Nat. Rev. Cardiol. doi: /nrcardio

Figure 5 Two approaches to therapeutic genome editing

Figure 1 Experimental design

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Figure 3 Global rates of sodium, fruit, and vegetable intake

Figure 3 Ischaemic outcomes in the ST-segment elevation myocardial

Figure 2 Size categorization of airborne pollutants

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Nat. Rev. Cardiol. doi: /nrcardio

Figure 2 Three-year survival rates on the basis of body composition

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Nat. Rev. Cardiol. doi: /nrcardio

Figure 8 4D magnetic resonance imaging patterns

Figure 4 Effects of delaying cardioprotective medications after anthracycline administration Figure 4 | Effects of delaying cardioprotective medications.

Nat. Rev. Cardiol. doi: /nrcardio

Figure 2 Ischaemic and bleeding outcomes in the major clinical trials

Nat. Rev. Cardiol. doi: /nrcardio

Nat. Rev. Cardiol. doi: /nrcardio

Figure 3 Possible modalities for reconciliation of patient's and physician's report of symptomatic treatment-associated toxicities Figure 3 | Possible.

Nat. Rev. Cardiol. doi: /nrcardio

Nat. Rev. Cardiol. doi: /nrcardio

Figure 1 Health-care system today

Figure 1 Cardiovascular risk and disease across the life-course

Nat. Rev. Cardiol. doi: /nrcardio

Figure 1 PCI strategies in patients with STEMI and multivessel disease

Nat. Rev. Cardiol. doi: /nrcardio

Figure 1 Decision tree integrating the assessment,

Nat. Rev. Cardiol. doi: /nrcardio

Figure 1 Cardiovascular 3D printing workflow

Figure 2 Global cost of HF per capita in 2012

Figure 5 Examples of biomarker-guided trials

Nat. Rev. Cardiol. doi: /nrcardio

Nat. Rev. Cardiol. doi: /nrcardio

Figure 1 Milestones in coronary angioplasty

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Figure 3 Challenges for big data applications in cardiovascular care

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Nat. Rev. Cardiol. doi: /nrcardio

Nat. Rev. Cardiol. doi: /nrcardio

Figure 3 Effects of cardiovascular medication on the fetus

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Figure 4 Observational studies on multiple treatment strategies

Figure 12 Cardiac gossypiboma

Figure 6 The neurogenic components of angina

Figure 1 Essential features and goals of a precision medicine system

Nat. Rev. Cardiol. doi: /nrcardio

Figure 3 Enrichment strategies for clinical trials

Treatment algorithm for managing chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH), from the European Society of Cardiology/European Respiratory Society.

Nat. Rev. Neurol. doi: /nrneurol

Nat. Rev. Cardiol. doi: /nrcardio

Figure 2 Impaired mitochondrial capacity and function in heart failure

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Nat. Rev. Cardiol. doi: /nrcardio

Nat. Rev. Cardiol. doi: /nrcardio

Nat. Rev. Cardiol. doi: /nrcardio

Nat. Rev. Cardiol. doi: /nrcardio

Figure 1 Overview of the imaging biomarker roadmap

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Nat. Rev. Cardiol. doi: /nrcardio

Nat. Rev. Cardiol. doi: /nrcardio

Illustration of a trial design to help evaluate the clinical accuracy of a test of ischaemia. Illustration of a trial design to help evaluate the clinical.

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Presentation transcript:

Nat. Rev. Cardiol. doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2016.170 Figure 7 Suggested framework for medical and cardiovascular 3D printing clinical trials Figure 7 | Suggested framework for medical and cardiovascular 3D printing clinical trials. In the proposed medical and cardiovascular 3D printing centres of excellence, technical recommendations stratified by clinical application will be determined regarding the imaging data acquisition, postprocessing, 3D printing technologies, and materials used. The additive benefit of 3D printing for each application under investigation will be established by the effect on patient care, routine clinical practice, patient–physician communication, society, and economy, as well as the cost-effectiveness of the technology. Such clinical trials will potentially lead to the implementation of medical 3D printing in treatment guidelines and recommendations. Giannopoulos, A. A. et al. (2016) Applications of 3D printing in cardiovascular diseases Nat. Rev. Cardiol. doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2016.170