2MASS Reveals a Large Intrinsic Fraction of BALQSOs Xinyu Dai Francesco Shankar & Gregory R. Sivakoff (Accepted by ApJ, arxiv:0704:2882) The Ohio State University November 24, 2018 CCAPP AGN Workshop

Why Study BALQSOs?: Understanding the AGN Zoo Quasars Radio Galaxies QSOs Blazars Seyferts Disney ©2004 November 24, 2018 CCAPP AGN Workshop

Why Study BALQSOs?: Quasar Outflows and Feedback MBlack Hole , Mbulge , M Halo Related Recent Galaxy Evolution Models Require Feedback BAL Winds Natural Candidate of QSO Feedback Standard CDM has SF in smaller galaxies that merge SCUBA/MAMBO surface density of massive galaxies at large z. Granato et al 2004 November 24, 2018 CCAPP AGN Workshop

Intrinsic BALQSO Fraction: A Key Question Geometric Models: Opening Angle Evolutionary Models: BAL Phase Time Related to the Total Energy Released from AGN Feedback November 24, 2018 CCAPP AGN Workshop

BALQSO Fractions in Previous Studies LBQS, ~10% (Weymann et al. 1991) FIRST, ~14-18% (Becker et al. 2000) Gravitationally-Lensed Quasar Sample, ~35% (Chartas 2000) SDSS EDR, ~15% (Tolea et al. 2002) LBQS, ~15% (Hewett & Foltz 2003) SDSS EDR, ~13.4% (Reichard et al. 2003) SDSS DR3, ~26% (Trump et al. 2006) Issues Definition Sample Size Selection Biases Absorption Troughs and Dust Extinction in BALQSOs  ~22% after correction November 24, 2018 CCAPP AGN Workshop

SDSS: Largest BALQSO Catalog To Date Trump et al. (2006) IDs 4386 BALQSOs (DR3) Broader BALQSO Definition (AI Index) Absorption Trough: >10% Continuous Width: >1000 km/s Velocity Range: 0-29000 km/s 26.00.3% BALQSO Fraction [10.40.2% Traditional BI Index] November 24, 2018 CCAPP AGN Workshop

Extinction and Absorption Troughs Play a Role E(B-V)=0.023 SMC-Like Dust Redder Bands Reichard et al 2003 November 24, 2018 CCAPP AGN Workshop

Combined SDSS/2MASS Sample BAL Fraction J: 37.74.2% H: 35.64.5% K: 40.43.4% Trump et al. 26.00.3% November 24, 2018 CCAPP AGN Workshop

Fraction of BALQSOs: Apparent Magnitude 1.7 < z < 4.38 1.7 < z < 2.5 November 24, 2018 CCAPP AGN Workshop

Fraction of BALQSOs: Absolute Magnitude 1.7 < z < 4.38 1.7 < z < 2.5 November 24, 2018 CCAPP AGN Workshop

Understanding the Difference Intrinsic LFs of BAL and non-BAL differ only in Normalization 2MASS Small Obscuration in BALQSOs Optical Large Obscuration in BALQSOs Non-BAL BAL BAL obsc November 24, 2018 CCAPP AGN Workshop

A Large Intrinsic Fraction of BALQSOs 43± 2% Under AI Definition 20 ± 2% Under BI Definition Consistent with Hewett & Foltz (2003) of 22 ± 4% (corrected fraction and using BI definition) November 24, 2018 CCAPP AGN Workshop

Conclusions The fraction of BALQSOs is dependent on the definition. The 2MASS fractions more accurately reflect the intrinsic BALQSO fractions, given a certain definition. BI: 10% raw  20% intrinsic AI: 26% raw  43% intrinsic More General Outflowing AGNs: 50% raw  60% intrinsic (Ganguly & Brotherton 2007, arxiv:0710:0588, today) November 24, 2018 CCAPP AGN Workshop

Implications of a Large Fraction BALQSOs are No Longer A Minor Component Larger Number of Outflowing AGN Total feedback energy Wider Semi-Opening Angle 6° (10%)  24° (43%) Dynamical Challenge? More challenging when considering the obscured AGNs and BALQSOs together Both have large fractions Difficult to arrange them simultaneously November 24, 2018 CCAPP AGN Workshop

Future Directions SDSS DR5 (77429 QSOs) Deeper IR Surveys (UKIDSS, AGES) BAL Fractions in Less Luminous Quasars Larger Number of SEDs BAL Fractions in Radio Bands Theoretical Modeling Wind Dynamics Feedback Constraining Evolutionary Models November 24, 2018 CCAPP AGN Workshop