Cellular Processes and structure

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Presentation transcript:

Cellular Processes and structure 04 Feedback Feedback Organisms respond to change Interactions within organisms

Feedback Curriculum Framework: 2.C.1 Holtzclaw: 75, 223, 224, 228

Organisms use feedback Maintain internal environment homeostasis Respond to external stimuli

Negative feedback The response reduces the effect of the stimulus Used to maintain dynamic homeostasis “dynamic” because target can change

Negative feedback examples Sweat and temperature Exercise internal temperature increases Sweat Internal temperature returns to normal Plant transpiration and water availability Stomata are open gas is exchanged CO2 in, water out Water loss detected stomata close

Positive feedback Response magnifies effect of stimulus Example: Labor Oxytocin causes contractions Contractions result in pressure on the cervix pressure on the cervix releases more oxytocin Example: Ripening fruit Fruit releases ethylene gas as they ripen ethylene gas signals fruit ripening

Disruption of feedback If feedback mechanisms are disrupted, there can be negative consequences

Disruption of feedback examples Diabetes Mellitus Haemophilia excessive bleeding caused by inability to produce clotting factors (e.g. platelets and other proteins)

Cellular Processes and structure 04 Feedback Feedback Organisms respond to change Interactions within organisms

Organisms respond to change Curriculum Framework: 2.C.2 Holtzclaw:

Organisms respond to changes in the environment Behavioral mechanisms Taxis Movement toward or away from a stimulus Ex. river fish orient themselves upstream Ex. Cockroaches move away from light sources Kinesis Change in rate of movement Not direction-specific Ex: Sow bugs move fast in dry areas and slow in moist areas

Organisms respond to changes in the environment (cont.) Physiological mechanisms Passive response, usually at the level of organs or below Ex. Phototropism Plants “bend” toward the light by shortening cells exposed to sunlight

Organisms respond to changes in the environment (cont.) Physiological mechanisms Ex. Circadian rhythms Any 24-hour cycle that can be entrained