The continuity of life… REPRODUCTION The continuity of life…

What Is Reproduction? Reproduction is the process by which organisms _________ _____of their own kind…can be sexually or asexually Think about it…Without it…all life on earth would _______ ___ _______!

ASEXUAL VS SEXUAL Asexual REPRODUCTION SEXUAL REPRODUCTION ASEXUAL Characteristic Requires ONE parent. NO sex cells, NO fertilization Advantage/Disadvantage Do NOT have to find mate Offspring have NO variation Offspring are genetically identical to parent cell SEXUAL Characteristics Requires TWO parents Involves TWO sex cells Requires fertilization Advantages/Disadvantages Requires mate Offspring have variation Offspring are NOT genetically the same Offspring are combination of BOTH parents

Types of Asexual Reproduction Binary Fission… Budding… Spore production Regeneration Propagation Vegetative Artificial Parthenogenesis

1. ____________ _________… The _______ divides by __________ and the cytoplasm divides, forming ____ new daughter cells of _________ size. Occurs in ________ celled organisms …bacteria, protists…amoeba, paramecium

2. ____________… The division of cytoplasm is __________ so one of the daughter cells is _________ than the other. The daughter cells can ___________ or ________ ___________.

Budding… New Organisms Arise as an Outgrowth from the Parent Organism Seen Mostly in _______ Animals Examples Include; Sponges, Corals and Jellyfish… Also seen in ________ and Hydra Coral Polyp Photo courtesy Jeffrey N. Jeffords http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/students/coral/coral1.htm

3. ________________… ________ are produced in large numbers by _________. Spores are surrounded by a tough coat to help them _________ harsh environmental conditions. Seen in ___________, ________…mushrooms, molds

4. __________________… This refers to the ability of some animals to __________ severed parts. Some of these animals can also grow ______ organisms from the ___________ pieces Segmented Worms and Sea Stars

5. _________________ ________________ New plants develop from the ________, ________, or _________ of the parent plant. Three Types Tubers Bulbs runners

____________ Tubers are _________ food stores which _______ food over the winter and provides a ____ plant with food until it can make its own. Examples: potato, artichoke, yam, water chestnut, arrowroot Tuber info from http://www.foodsubs.com/Tubers.html Taro- Japanese potato Food made by the new plant is sent to make new tubers. Thereby reproducing itself.

____________ E.g. __________, _________

__________ Runners are ______ _____ which grow out from the ________ plant. _______ form at points along the runner and eventually these buds form roots and grow into ______ plants. Examples: spider plant (Anthericum), ________ (Fragaria x ananassa)

Propagation _____________ With plants, but with __________ intervention Two main types Cuttings Grafting

___________ They can be placed in moist soil or water (and sometimes Cuttings are _______ pieces of stem with some ______ attached, the new plant grows from this. SQA- Describe ways of propagating flowering plants artificially by cuttings and graftings Source counties.cce.cornell.edu/.../propagation.htm They can be placed in moist soil or water (and sometimes dipped in rooting powder).

_________ A cut ______ of one plant (with good flower or fruit growth) (the graft) is taken and firmly _________ to the rootstock of another plant (which has a strong, established root system) (the stock). Examples- _______, fruit trees

6. _________________… _________ can arise from __________ eggs. Includes _______ Fish, Reptiles, Amphibians and Aphids. Most of these species can ________ between Sexual and Asexual Reproduction. (depending on conditions) http://aolsearch.aol.com/aol/imageDetails?invocationType=imageResults&query=photos+of+parthenogenic+species&img http://www.duke.edu/%7Ejsr6/Hawaiipics/Rhampho.jpg http://spot.colorado.edu/~noyesr/TEACHING/4800%20Fall%202002.%20Biology%20and%20Evolution%20of%20Sex/Gynogenesis.Poecilia.pdf www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu