Labor

Formal v. Informal Formal Informal Public sphere Private sphere Legitimate, compensated Expected, unrecognized Accords status Natural extension Household duties expected of ♀ = ‘second shift’ Household duties expected, blended with work Leisure gap for ♀

Public Policy & ♀ Unpaid, underpaid work Disregard domestic obligations Fewer dev. programs Ignore value of ♀‘s work in informal sector Hard to quantify, measure ¤

http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2016/05/gender-pay-gap-0?fsrc=email_to_a_friend

Explanations for Gender Pay Gap Pinksourcing Lack role models Gender job segregation Access discrimination Horizontal & vertical Part-time Compensating differentials Cushier jobs Lack of legal literacy Home responsibilities Maternity leave (map); Parental leave ¤

Blue- Employer Liability Gold, Green, Yellow- Partly State Source of Payment Pink- Unpaid Blue- Employer Liability Gold, Green, Yellow- Partly State Red- Fully State http://http://qz.com/167163/countries-without-paid-maternity-leave-swaziland-lesotho-papua-new-guinea-and-the-united-states-of-america/

Explanations for Gender Pay Gap (cont.) Human capital Less to offer Gender stereotypes Organizational practices Norms Networking Sexual harassment Glass ceiling- video <5% of CEOs female Concrete ceiling Sticky floor ¤

GN v. GS Formal sector issues similar Lack formal sector jobs in GS Fewer labor protections ¤

Benefits of Decreasing Pay Gap ↑ GDP ↑ standard of living ↑ tax base ↓ harassment ¤

Improvements Social Feminist movement Technology Contraceptives Higher education Recognizing sexual harassment ¤

Improvements (cont.) Political - Policy changes Equal pay laws Quotas Paid maternity/paternity leave Preschool School hours, year Tax laws ¤

Improvements (cont.) Economic Service sector Break stereotypes Need to work Business changes ¤

Recap Formal v. informal sectors Pay gap Decreases benefits Social, political, economic changes Sets up next sections ¤