BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS J.SANTHIYA A.SIVARANJANI 1

INTRODUCTION  BIOPLASTICS: A type of biodegradable plastic derived from biological substances. Bioplastics are plastics derived from renewable biomass sources, such as vegetable fats,oils, corn starch, straw, woodchips, food waste, etc Bioplastic can be made from agricultural by-products and also from used plastic bottles and other containers using microorganisms. FIRST BIOPLASTIC-1862: At the Great London Exhibition, Alexander Parkensine displays Parkenisine, the first plastic. Parkensine is made from nitrocellulose. 2

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HISTORY OF BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS YearBioplastic Discovery or Development 1862Parkesine - Alexander Parkes 1868Celluloid - John Wesley Hyatt 1897Galalith - German chemists 1907Bakelite - Leo Baekeland 1912Cellophane - Jacques E. Brandenberger 1920sPolylactic ACid (PLA) - Wallace Carothers 1926Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) - Maurice Lemoigne 1930sSoy bean-based bioplastic car - Henry Ford 1983Biopal - Marlborough Biopolymers 1989PLA from corn - Dr. Patrick R. Gruber; Matter-bi - Novamount 1992PHB can be produced by Arabidopsis thaliana (a small flowering plant) 1998Bioflex film (blown, flat, injection molding) leads to many different applications of bioplastic 2001PHB can be produced by elephant grass 2007Mirel (100% biodegradable plastic) by Metabolic inc. is market tested 2012Bioplastic is developed from seaweed 2013Bioplastic made from blood and a cross-linking agent which is used in medical procedures 2014Bioplastic made from vegetable waste 2016Car bumper made from banana peel bioplastic 2017Bioplastics made from lignocellulosic resources (dry plant matter) 2018Bioplastic furniture, bio-nylon, packaging from fruit 4

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TYPES OF BIOPLASTICS  Starch-based plastics - as films in fruit and vegetable bags.  Cellulose-based plastics- expensive and therefore rarely used for packaging.  Protein-based plastics-body panels of an original Ford automobile were made of soy-based plastic.  Some aliphatic polyesters-films, fibers, plastic containers, cups and bottles (polyesters derived from fatty diacids and fatty diols).  Polyhydroxyalkanoates.- widely used in the medical industry (Polyhydroxyalkanoates or PHAs are polyesters produced in nature by numerous microorganisms, including through bacterial fermentation of sugar or lipids) 7

CONT..  Polyamide 11- automotive fuel lines, pneumatic airbrake tubing, electrical cable antitermite sheathing, flexible oil and gas pipes, control fluid umbilicals, sports shoes, electronic device components, (It is produced from castor beans )  Bio-derived polyethylene - chemically similar to traditional polythene,it does not biodegrade but can be recycled.  Genetically modified bioplastics- Genetically modified bioplastics Genetic modification (GM) is also a challenge for the bioplastics industry. None of the currently available bioplastics – which can be considered first generation products – require the use of GM crops, although GM corn is the standard feedstock. 8

Starch-based plastics Cellulose-based plastics. Protein-based plastics aliphatic polyesters 9

PolyhydroxyalkanoatesPolyamide 11 Genetically modified bioplastics Bio-derived polyethylene 10

MANUFACTURING OF BIOPLASTICS 11

PROCESS Raw materials are collected Starches are extracted from the plant materials Enzymes are added and fermentation process is carried out Chemical compound (Lactic acid) is obtained Lactic acid is polymerized to plastic Manufacturing of bioplastic products is done 12

MAKING THERMOPLASTIC Directions:  1. Add 15 grams (1.5 tbsp.) starch to beaker  2. Add 100 mL water to beaker  3. Add 10 mL glycerin to beaker  4. Put beaker on hot plate and heat to medium-hot temperatures (~100 degrees Celsius)  5. Stir until solution becomes thick and transparent  6. Pour solution onto aluminum foil or onto a metal pan  7. Let dry for a couple of days 13

How it works? Starch is a polymer (long chain) of glucose molecules. Two forms: amylose (unbranched & helical) and amylopectin (branched). Amylose & amylopectin aggregate into compact units called granules. Heat breaks the intermolecular bonds of starch molecules, exposing sites that hydrogen bond with water, which dissolves the starch granules. Starch then assumes a more fluid ( gelatin ) form. Glycerol (aka glycerin) acts as a plasticizer by interspersing itself between starch polymers, therefore increasing the end product's flexibility. Starch is a polymer of glucose 14

ROLE OF ENZYMES 15

PLANT POLYMER FOR PLASTIC DIA 16

Corn must first be converted to corn sugar The starch is then heated with acid or enzymes to completely hydrolase starch to glucose. Starch is completely hydrolyzed to dextrose fermentation Add enzymes Conversion of Dextrose to L-Lactic Acid The dextrose is isolated by crystallization Poly Lactic Acid 17

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HOW LONG BIOPLASTIC TAKES TO DEGRADE? Biodegradable plastics take three to six months to decompose fully. That's much quicker than synthetic counterparts that take several hundred years. Exactly how long a biodegradable bag takes to break down depends on various factors, such as temperature and the amount of moisture present. 23

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