Origins of the Cold War We Didn't Start The Fire

An overview of the Cold War How can a war be ‘cold’? What were the Hotspots of the Cold War?

After World War II the Cold War began and caused tension throughout the world. The USA and the USSR were the two world Superpowers. The USA was a capitalist society with a democracy. The USSR was a communist country with a dictatorship. Both wanted to be the most powerful nation in the world.

Conflicting Postwar Goals American and Soviet Goals American Goals Wanted democracy and free economic opportunity for countries in Europe after WWII Develop strong capitalist economies (Less Government Intervention) Soviet Goals Rebuild Europe so the Soviet Union could recover from losses in WWII. Wanted to satellite nations, (countries under Soviet control) Like a Puppet State Promote the spread of communism throughout the world

1945—A Critical Year End of World War II, relations between the Communist Soviet Union and allies the grew increasingly tense. Yalta Conference- Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin agreed to divide Germany between the Allies (France, England, US, Soviet Union)

1945—A Critical Year (Con’t) The United Nations- Organization created to encourage cooperation in solving international problems PEACEFULLY

1945—A Critical Year Con’t Roosevelt dies- April 12 V.P.President Truman becomes President Continues negotiations with Stalin at the Potsdam Conference in July. Truman Churchill/Atlee (who replaced Churchill) Stalin Purpose: determine how to administer Germany and Poland

YALTA (in the USSR) Date: Feb 1945 Present: Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin SECTION

POTSDAM (Germany) Date: July 1945 Present: Churchill, Truman and Stalin SECTION

Divided Germany Notice Berlin SECTION

Divided Berlin SECTION

Germany - divided Germany was split in two. West Germany- controlled by the Allies, mainly the U.S. East Germany- became another communist country, controlled by the U.S.S.R. Berlin located in the EAST

After World War II, the world changed! Many countries became communist after World War II including: Czechoslovakia (1948) Poland (1947) Hungary (1947) China (1949) Cuba (1959) North Korea (1945)

Soviets Tighten Their Hold Czechoslovakia: tried to remain democratic, became a Soviet satellite in 1948. SECTION

Soviets Tighten Their Hold Hungary and Romania: Arrested anti-Communist leaders in Hungary Forced the appointment of a Communist prime minister in Romania SECTION

Soviets Tighten Their Hold East Germany: To ensure safety from Germany, Stalin established a totalitarian state named the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). SECTION

Cold War Heats Up

The Iron Curtain The Iron Curtain “Iron curtain” Describes geographic and political divisions between Communist and Capitalist nations in Europe. The Iron Curtain

Cold War Heats Up Truman Doctrine (1947) Implements containment policy to prevent the “Domino Effect” Marshall Plan(1947) Helps US / World economy by providing relief ($$$) after WWII

Containment and the Truman Doctrine The competition between the United States and the Soviet Union for world influence came to be known as the Cold War. The American policy of containment under the Truman Doctrine was designed to prevent Communism from spreading to other parts of the world.

Containment and the Truman Doctrine Con’t… The Truman Doctrine was first applied after satellite nations agree to follow guidance from the U.S.S.R. Czechoslovakia Poland Hungary China Cuba North Korea

The Marshall Plan (US) Created in 1947 by U.S. Secretary of State George C. Marshall Financial aid from the United States to: Help European nations recover and become strong democracies Prevent Communists from continuing to gain power in Europe.

Origins of the Cold War—Assessment Which of these choices best describes the primary goal of the United States for postwar Europe? (A) Protect the Soviet Union from future invasion (B) Build economically strong democracies (C) Add more members to the United Nations (D) Ensure further cooperation with Stalin Which of these events directly inspired the Truman Doctrine? (A) Soviet creation of “satellite nations” (B) The division of Germany into four zones (C) The arrest of anti-Communist leaders in Hungary (D) Churchill’s “iron curtain” speech

Origins of the Cold War—Assessment Which of these choices best describes the primary goal of the United States for postwar Europe? (A) Protect the Soviet Union from future invasion (B) Build economically strong democracies (C) Add more members to the United Nations (D) Ensure further cooperation with Stalin Which of these events directly inspired the Truman Doctrine? (A) Soviet creation of “satellite nations” (B) The division of Germany into four zones (C) The arrest of anti-Communist leaders in Hungary (D) Churchill’s “iron curtain” speech

The Cold War Heats Up How did the Berlin airlift and NATO help to achieve American goals in postwar Europe? How did spread of Communism affect American foreign policy? How did the Cold War affect American life at home?

The Korean War 1950-1953

Korean War North: Communist South: Capitalist/Democratic First “Hot” War (1950-1953) United Nations “Police Action” Ends in a Stalemate (no winner declared) Divided on the 38th Parallel Technically still at war

The Korean War—Assessment What was the significance of the thirty-eighth parallel? (A) It formed Korea’s border with China. (B) It was the place to which Chinese Nationalists fled. (C) It divided Korea into two halves, North and South. (D) It was the location of Korean War peace talks. Why did the United Nations send troops to Korea? (A) To support South Korea and restore peace (B) To install a Communist government in South Korea (C) To help China defend its border (D) To put an end to Japanese rule of Korea

The Korean War—Assessment What was the significance of the thirty-eighth parallel? (A) It formed Korea’s border with China. (B) It was the place to which Chinese Nationalists fled. (C) It divided Korea into two halves, North and South. (D) It was the location of Korean War peace talks. Why did the United Nations send troops to Korea? (A) To support South Korea and restore peace (B) To install a Communist government in South Korea (C) To help China defend its border (D) To put an end to Japanese rule of Korea

The Vietnam War 1963-1975

The Vietnam War North: Communist South: Capitalist/Democratic Supported by: U.S.S.R., China, North Korea and Cuba South: Capitalist/Democratic Fighting for U.S. lasts from 1963-1975 1,800,000 allied troops vs. 460,000 in the North 58,000 U.S. casualties South Surrenders to the Communist North in 1975 (Communism spreads)

The Berlin Airlift Berlin; Communist East…Capitalist West June 1948, Stalin banned all shipments to West Berlin through East Germany Created a blockade which threatened to cut off supplies to West Berlin(controlled by the allies).

The Berlin Airlift (cont’d) In response, Allied nations began the Berlin airlift, which delivered thousands of tons of food and other supplies to West Berlin via air. Planes landed every 3 minutes, 24 hours a day, for over a year Although the Soviet blockade ended in May 1949, Berlin remained a focal point of Cold War conflict.

NATO What was NATO? The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed in April 1949. Group that will support one another against attack, a principle known as collective security “An attack against one, is an attack against them all” In response, the Soviet Union created the Warsaw Pact, a military alliance between the Soviet Union and its satellite nations. Soviet version of NATO

The Cold War at Home Late1940’s, early 1950’s: Fear of Communism encroaching on the United States. (HUAC): House Un-American Activities Committee investigated Hollywood personalities Compiled a blacklist a list naming persons who should not be hired because they were communists This begins the SECOND RED SCARE !!!

The Cold War Heats Up—Assessment Which of these phrases best describes NATO? (A) A collective security pact between the United States, Canada, and Western European nations (B) A military alliance between the USSR and its satellite nations (C) A U.S.-sponsored program for postwar recovery (D) A regional group within the United Nations Which of these was a result of HUAC’s investigation of the movie industry? (A) Hollywood approved many scripts that dealt with controversial social problems. (B) Many Hollywood personalities were blacklisted. (C) The McCarran-Walter Act was passed. (D) Pro-Soviet movies became popular.

The Cold War Heats Up—Assessment Which of these phrases best describes NATO? (A) A collective security pact between the United States, Canada, and Western European nations (B) A military alliance between the USSR and its satellite nations (C) A U.S.-sponsored program for postwar recovery (D) A regional group within the United Nations Which of these was a result of HUAC’s investigation of the movie industry? (A) Hollywood approved many scripts that dealt with controversial social problems. (B) Many Hollywood personalities were blacklisted. (C) The McCarran-Walter Act was passed. (D) Pro-Soviet movies became popular.

The Continuing Cold War What were the characteristics of the McCarthy era? How was the Cold War waged in Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America during the 1950s? How did the arms race develop?

The Second Red Scare / McCarthy Era McCarthy’s Rise to Power Senator Joseph McCarthy feared Communist supporters lived within the U.S. His ideas and theories became known as McCarthyism Created a list of 250 Communist-supporting government employees Later reduced to 57. Accusations were usually baseless and improvable

The McCarthy Era McCarthy’s Fall 1954, McCarthy criticized the Army of supporting communism President Eisenhower, a former Army General, criticizes his accusations By mid-June 1954, McCarthy had lost even his strongest supporters

The Atom Bomb and American Culture in Early Postwar America

The Arms Race Chapter 19, Section 4 Throughout the 1950s, the USA and USSR compete in an arms race Struggle to gain weapons superiority Deterrence Military arsenal so strong that no enemy will attack for fear of retaliation Results in increasing amounts of nuclear weapons

The Cuban Missile Crisis,1962 October 14–28, 1962 U.S. attempts and fails to overthrow the communist Cuban government at the Bay of Pigs Soviets and Cubans built bases to launch nuclear weapons at the U.S. 13 days of tense debate whether to attack

USSR agrees to remove missiles from Cuba if we agree to never invade Cuba again Closest moment to turning to nuclear conflict Moscow–Washington Hotline, a direct communications link between Moscow and Washington, D.C. (RED PHONES)

Initial Reactions Anxiety and Fear Sense of doom Atomic sales soar “Lone Ranger Atomic Bomb Ring”

Atomic Cars and Cancer Cures New Hopes for a Positive Benefit of the Atom Allowed Americans to avoid dealing with the realities of atomic warfare Cars which run on atomic power

Cold War and the Bomb US Gov’t and Positive Image of the Atom Needed because of reality of Cold War Wanted to show people the “Sunny Side of the Atom”

Cold War and the Bomb Civil Defense Greenbrier Bunker Russians detonate their first atomic bomb in 1949 How to Survive an Atomic Bomb “Duck and Cover” Bomb shelters

“Good bomb immunity”

Cold War Science Fiction Film Ambivalence and Anxiety over the Bomb

1950s Invasion Films

Politics, Cold War, and Science Fiction Space Exploration

The Space Race To carry bombs to their targets, the USSR developed long-range rockets known as ICBMs InterContinental Ballistic Missiles. In 1957, one of these rockets was used to launch the Soviet satellite Sputnik, the first artificial satellite to orbit Earth. Shattered American confidence and prompted a desire to match, and surpass, Soviet technology. NASA Created in 1958 National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Web Sites National Security Archive Marshall Plan Guatemala Coup Iran Coup Online Films—Cold War Cold War Interviews CNN Cold War Cold War and a Hot Bomb Tour the Greenbrier Bunker Propaganda Film Gallery Truman Speeches Truman Doctrine Kennan’s Mr. X Article NSC-68 Walter Lippman, The Cold War Novikov telegram Civil Defense Documents Covert Action in Guatemala, 1954 Dulles on Massive Retaliation