CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS IN CELLS DNA, AND RNA 11-8-11

QUESTION: What is DNA and how does it make a copy of itself?

HYPOTHESIS: Write your hypothesis in your journal.

PLAN/PROCEDURE: Follow teacher’s instructions.

DATA: We will be extracting DNA from strawberries and bananas at a later date.

WHAT I LEARNED: KEY TERMS : Define in back of the book. GREEN BOOK PGS. 75-78; 101-102. CLASS NOTES 1. ELEMENT 2. COMPOUND 3. ORGANIC COMPOUND 4. INORGANIC COMPOUND 5. CARBOHYDRATE 6. LIPIDS 7. PROTEINS 8. AMINO ACIDS 9. ENZYME 10. DNA 11. RNA

CHEMICALCOMPOUNDS IN CELLS ELEMNETS AND COMPOUNDS CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS PROTIENS NUCLEIC ACID

ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS ANY SUBSTANCE THAT CANNOT BE BROKEN DOWN INTO SIMPLER SUBSTANCES. COMPOUNDS WHEN TWO OR MORE ELEMENTS COMBINE CHEMICALLY. WATER ORGANIC INORGANIC

CARBOHYDRATES ORGANIC COMPOUND ENERGY RICH MADE OF THE ELEMENTS: CARBON, HYDROGEN, AND OXYGEN PRODUCES SUGAR WHEN FOOD IS MADE IN PLANTS FOUND IN CELLULOSE IN CELL WALLS ALSO FOUND IN CELL MEMBRANES.

LIPIDS FATS, OILS, AND WAXES ARE LIPIDS ENERGY-RICH ORGANIC COMPOUND MADE OF: CARBON, HYDROGEN, AND OXYGEN STORE ENERGY FOR THE CELL FOR LATER USE CELL MEMBRANE IS MADE MOSTLY OF LIPIDS

PROTEINS LARGE ORGANIC MOLECULES MADE OF: STRUCTURE: CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN AND SOME CASES SULFUR FOODS ARE HIGH IN PROTEINS ARE: MEAT, EGGS, FISH, NUTS, AND BEANS STRUCTURE: MADE OF AMINO ACIDS A CHANGE IN THE TYPE OR ORDER OF AMINO ACID CAN RESULT IN A DIFFERENT PROTEIN

PROTEINS CONT…. FUNCTION: MUCH OF THE STRUCTURE OF A CELL IS MADE UP OF PROTEINS. PROTEINS CALLED ENZYMES PERFORM IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS IN THE CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT TAKE PLACE IN CELLS ENZYME- A TYPE OF PROTEIN THAT SPEED UP A CHEMICAL REACTION IN A LIVING THING WITHOUT ENZYMES, MANY CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT ARE NECESSARY FOR LIFE WOULD TAKE TOO LONG OR NEVER HAPPEN AT ALL.

NUCLEIC ACIDS VERY LONG ORGANIC MOLECULES MADE OF CARBON, OXYGEN, HYDROGEN, NITROGEN, AND PHOSPHORUS. CONTAIN THE INSTRUCTIONS THAT CELLS NEED TO CARRY OUT ALL THE FUNCTIONS OF LIFE. TWO TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS: DNA-DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID RNA- RIBONUCLEIC ACID

DNA-DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID THE GENETIC MATERIAL THAT CARRIES INFORMATION ABOUT AN ORGANISM INFORMATION IN DNA DIRECTS ALL THE CELL’S DAILY FUNCTIONS MOST DNA IN A CELL IS FOUND IN CHROMATIN IN THE NUCLEUS

RNA-RIBONUCLEIC ACID PLAYS IMPORTANT ROLE IN PRODUCTION OF PROTEINS IS FOUND IN CYTOPLASM AS WELL AS IN THE NUCLEUS

QUESTIONS WHICH IS WATER-AN ELEMENT OR COMPOUND? WHY IS WATER IMPORTANT TO LIVING THINGS? HOW ARE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS DIFFERENT FROM INORGANIC COMPOUNDS? WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES? HOW DO LIVING THINGS USE LIPIDS? WHAT ELEMENTS MAKE UP PROTEINS? WHAT KIND OF MOLECULES MAKE UP PROTIENS? HOW ARE PROTEINS USED IN LIVING THINGS? WHAT FOODS HAVE YOU EATEN TODAY CONTAINED PROTEINS? WHAT IS DNA? WHAT DOES RNA DO? WHY ARE NUCLEIC ACIDS IMPORTANT TO ALL CELLS IN THE BODY? HOW IS RNA RELATED TO THE STRUCTURE OF AN ORGANISM?

STRUCTURE AND REPLICATION OF DNA JAMES WATSON AND FRANCIS CRICK STRUCTURE OF DNA FUNCTION OF DNA

STRUCTURE OF DNA LOOKS LIKE A TWISTED LADDER OR SPIRAL STAIR CASE, called a double helix Sides are made of sugar & phosphate molecules Rungs are made of nitrogen bases

STRUCTURE OF DNA CONT… A ----- T C -----G RUNGS: BASE: MADE OF A PAIR OF MOLECULES CALLED NITROGEN BASES. HAS 4 KINDS OF NITROGEN BASES: ADENINE - A THYMINE- T GUANINE - G CYTOSINE - C BASE: THE BASE ON ONE SIDE OF THE LADDER PAIRS WITH THE BASE ON THE OTHER SIDE. Adenine always pairs with Thymine Cytosine always pairs with Guanine A ----- T C -----G

Complete the DNA sequence. G ----- T -----

Function of DNA PASSES GENETIC MATERIAL FROM PARENT TO OFFSPRING It’s the vehicle for transporting information from one place to another.

IMPORTANT!!!! During mitosis, DNA must be copied exactly! This process is called replication.

THE REPLICATION PROCESS HAPPENS IN INTERPHASE END OF INTERPHASE IT COPIES ITSSELF: DNA uncoils or unzips. (base pairs pull apart) Free floating nitrogen bases pair with each half of the unzipped based pairs. Two new strands of DNA are formed that are identical to the original strand.

http://youtu.be/gW3qZF9cLIA

Pair the complementary base pairs: G

RNA Structure: Like a ladder with its rungs sawed in half Nitrogen bases: Cytosine Guanine Adenine Uracil (instead of thymine)

RNA Function Main function is to carry out protein synthesis the process of making proteins. the cell uses information from the gene on a chromosome to produce a specific protein.

RNA Carries the codes for making proteins from the nucleus to the ribosomes DNA is in the nucleus and RNA is the messenger that carries the instructions to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm of the cell. Ribose sugar Missing double oxygen bond (single stranded)

TYPES OF RNA Messenger (MRNA) – copies the coded message from the nucleus and carries it to the ribosome Since proteins are made of amino acids, Transfer (TRNA) carries the correct amino acids to the ribosome to make the protein.

Translating the Code Process of protein synthesis: 1. DNA Molecule unzips. One strand directs the production of a strand messenger RNA. 2. The messenger RNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm. MRNA attaches to a Ribosome. On the ribosome the MRNA provides the code for the protein molecule that will form. During PS the ribosome moves along the MRNA strand. 3. Molecule's of TRNA attach to the MRNA. The base on TRNA reads the message by pairing up three-letter codes to bases on the MNA. Molecule of TRNA carries specific Amino acids. The acids link in a chain. The order of amino acids in the chain is determined by the order of the three-letter codes on MRNA. 4. The protein molecule grows longer as each transfer RNA molecule puts the amino acid it is carrying along the growing protein chain. One the acid is added to the protein chain, the TRNA is released into the cytoplasm and can pick up another amino acid. Each TRNA always picks up the same kind of Amino acid. http://www.phschool.com/webcodes10/index.cfm?wcprefix=cep&wcsuffix=3034&area=view&x=13&y=15

http://RNA In Action

Which could be an RNA Strand? Create the corresponding RNA strand. C C G C A A T A T A C

Watson and Crick The first DNA model was made by James Watson and Francis Crick.

Chromosomes: Structures in a cell’s nucleus that contain hereditary material Human body cells have 23 pairs. Human sex cells have 23 unpaired.

Gene: Section of a DNA molecule whose sequence of building blocks specifies the sequence of amino acids in a particular protein. The activity of the protein imparts the phenotype.

DNA VS. RNA DNA- DOUBLE HELIX RNA- SINGLE STRANDED NITROGEN BASES: ADENINE, THYMINE, GUANINE, AND CYTOSINE BASE PAIRS ADENINE-THYMINE GUANINE-CYTOSINE RNA- SINGLE STRANDED NITROGEN BASES: ADENINE, URACIL, GUANINE, AND CYTOSINE BASE PAIRS: ADENINE – URACIL GUANINE - CYTOSINE

EXAMPLES OF SEQUENCES: DNA IF ONE SECTION OF THE STRAND OF DNA HAS THE BASE SEQUENCE: AAGCCT. WHAT WOULD THE SEQUENCE BE ON THE OTHER STRAND? RNA WHAT NITROGEN BASES PAIR IN THE FOLLOWING RNA STRAND: AAUGGC

Finish 3-2-1 Chart from Tuesday. Add DNA (if you haven't already) Add today’s Lesson RNA Structure Function TRNA MRNA Protein Synthesis DNA vs. RNA (this is one Main idea. You will compare these two in your details and supporting details.)