Jim Crow and Segregation Handout: Describe what happened … Supreme Court Decision - Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Supreme Court decides the Louisiana law is constitutional. “Equal but separate accommodations” are Constitutionally valid.

Copyright, The Birmingham News, 2006.

** Political Era defined by the following - 4 - “Spoil system” - 5 - Ethnic violence (Chinese, etc.) & Great Railroad Strike (1877) - 6 - Social Darwinism – 1887 – Texas Farmers drought & President Cleveland … *** Indicative of national government … ** Legislation During the Era … 1873 – Coinage Act of 1873 – money backed by gold 1882 – Chinese Exclusion Act – banned Chinese immigration (1882 – 1943) 1883 – Pendleton Act of 1883 & Civil Service Commission

** Legislation During the Era … 1890 – Sherman Antitrust Act – It prohibited “combination … or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the states.” 1891 – Land Revision Act of 1891 – forerunner to National Forest system

Politics in the Gilded Age ** Political Era defined by the following … Grant: “Well intentioned, yet defined by fraud” Hayes: “His Fraudulency” Garfield: Being assassinated ** “Stalwarts” vs. “Half-breeds” Ulysses S. Grant (1869 – 1877) Rutherford B. Hayes (1877 – 1881) James A. Garfield (1881) - Died Sept. 19, 1881

Politics in the Gilded Age ** Political Era defined by the following … Arthur: “Prince Arthur” the “ironic reformer” Harrison: Tariffs, Anti-Trust Act, and land reserves Cleveland: “The veto-er” & “I Want My Pa!” campaign McKinley: Imperialist President Chester A. Arthur (1881 - 1885) Benjamin Harrison (1889 - 1893) Grover Cleveland (1885 – 1889 & 1893 - 1897) William McKinley (1897 - 1901)

How did the Era of Reconstruction End? (1) White Southerner Intimidation (2) Panic of 1873 & Economic problems (3) Compromise of 1877 and loss of support from Northern Republicans (4) Disenfranchisement of African Americans (1877 – 1890’s)

*** Rise of the Ku Klux Klan

What does this story say about voter intimidation? “It was in the state of Georgia, in 1946, that a young Negro veteran named Maceo Snipes learned that by the Supreme Court ruling he had a right to vote. No Negro had voted in his county since Reconstruction, but Maceo Snipes went down and registered. The following morning he was sitting on his porch and a white man came up and killed him with a shotgun. His funeral was held the next day and in the midst of the funeral oration, Maceo’s mother rose and moved up through the crowd, up to his coffin, where they waited to lower it into the earth. And she asked her second son to come forth. He was 17. And she said to him, ‘Put your hand on this coffin, and swear on the body of your brother than when you get to be 21, you’re going down to the courthouse to do what he did — to vote.’ ” - Henry Wallace - Progressive Party Candidate for President - “Radio Address,” September, 1948

Lynchings = Intimidation Lynchings: By State and Race, 1882-1968 * State White Black Total Alabama 48 299 347 Arizona 31 Arkansas 58 226 284 California 41 2 43 Colorado 65 3 68 Delaware 1 Florida 25 257 282 Georgia 39 492 531 Idaho 20 Illinois 15 19 34 Indiana 33 14 47 Iowa 17 Kansas 35 54 Lynchings = Intimidation

Lynchings: By State and Race, 1882-1968 * White Black Total Kentucky 63 142 205 Louisiana 56 335 391 Maine 1 Maryland 2 27 29 Michigan 7 8 Minnesota 5 4 9 Mississippi 42 539 581 Missouri 53 69 122 Montana 82 84 Nebraska 52 57 Nevada 6 New Jersey New Mexico 33 3 36 New York North Carolina 15 86 101 North Dakota 13 16

Lynchings: By State and Race, 1882-1968 * White Black Total Ohio 10 16 26 Oklahoma 82 40 122 Oregon 20 1 21 Pennsylvania 2 6 8 South Carolina 4 156 160 South Dakota 27 Tennessee 47 204 251 Texas 141 352 493 Utah Vermont Virginia 17 83 100 Washington 25 West Virginia 28 48 Wisconsin Wyoming 30 5 35 Total 1,297 3,446 4,743 *Statistics provided  by the Archives at Tuskegee Institute.

African Americans Disenfranchised Poll Tax “Good character clause” Literacy test Grandfather clause

African Americans Disenfranchised From 1890 to 1908, Southern states passed new constitutions, constitutional amendments, and laws to disenfranchise African Americans. Beginning of 1870’s, 100,000’s of African American are registered to vote in each state. By the 1890’s, only 4,000 to 5,000 African Americans are registered to vote in each state.