The Role of Space-charge in Emittance Measurement of High-brightness Photoinjector Beams J.B. Rosenzweig and Scott Anderson UCLA Dept. of Physics and Astronomy ICFA Sardegna, July 2002

Measuring the emittance of photoinjector beams The low emittance of, and huge forces (internal and external) applied to these beams makes them behave very differently (like plasmas) than emittance dominated beams In addition, investigation of the behavior of these beams, as well as optimization of the beam’s end use, requires accurate measurement of the beam emittance In order to produce accurate measurements, the emittance diagnostic must take into account the nature of photoinjector beams 11/26/2018 Rosenzweig/Anderson ICFA Sardegna 2002

Rosenzweig/Anderson ICFA Sardegna 2002 Measuring Emittance Traditional emittance measurement techniques (e.g. quadrupole scan) use the envelope equation for a drifting beam ignoring space-charge, For typical photo-injector beams, this exclusion of the space-charge term is not appropriate except in a strongly focused waist. We see that these beams are space-charge dominated by the ratio of the space-charge to emittance terms in the full envelope equation. We used the LLNL/UCLA Thomson scattering photoinjector, with a short pulse, low energy beam to test different emittance measurement techniques. 11/26/2018 Rosenzweig/Anderson ICFA Sardegna 2002

Slit Based Emittance Measurement Beam phase space is reconstructed from the position and width of the beamlets on screen. Emittance calculated from phase space picture. Collimation makess emittance dominated beamlet — expansion due to emittance, not space-charge. Plasma wavelength same; b function becomes much smaller. 11/26/2018 Rosenzweig/Anderson ICFA Sardegna 2002

Quadrupole Scan Measurements Neglecting space charge we can write an equation for s2 based on the Twiss parameters of the beam. The procedure then, is to measure s2 (the mean square beam size) versus the focal length of the lens and fit the resulting curve to calculate the emittance. Thick lens treatment often necessary in compact beamlines. 11/26/2018 Rosenzweig/Anderson ICFA Sardegna 2002

Experimental Procedure Emittance was measured using both the quad scan and slits for different beam plasma frequencies. The plasma frequency was changed by changing the laser pulse length. This was done by altering the grating pair separation in the laser system. For each set of measurements, the laser spot size and energy, grating pair separation, beam charge, and injection phase were recorded in order to calculate the plasma frequencies. 11/26/2018 Rosenzweig/Anderson ICFA Sardegna 2002

Rosenzweig/Anderson ICFA Sardegna 2002 Quad Scan Vs Slit Data The strength of the space-charge forces are parameterized in the scan by product drift length between quadrupole and detector and the plasma wave number. 11/26/2018 Rosenzweig/Anderson ICFA Sardegna 2002

Simulation of the Quad Scan Given the measurements of charge and laser pulse dimensions, we simulated the beam dynamics up to the quadrupole using PARMELA and HOMDYN. The quad scan procedure was then simulated with PARMELA using point to point space charge, HOMDYN, and by integrating the envelope equation. All three methods gave similar results. Linear transport models agreeing with PARMELA leads us to believe non-linear space charge effects are unimportant. 11/26/2018 Rosenzweig/Anderson ICFA Sardegna 2002

Rosenzweig/Anderson ICFA Sardegna 2002 Quad Scan Simulation PARMELA simulations predict emittances in good agreement with slit measurements. Simulated quad scans with emittances set by the slit measurements give higher output emittance values that agree reasonably with quad scan measurements. 11/26/2018 Rosenzweig/Anderson ICFA Sardegna 2002

Space-charge in the Quad Scan There are two relevant normalized numbers two parameterize space charge strength, one measuring drift length, and the other measuring emittance v. space charge. The white plot points locate the positions of the experimental data. The normalized emittance used as input to the simulations was 5 mm mrad. kpb is a measure of the ratio of the space-charge to emittance forces at the quadrupole. 11/26/2018 Rosenzweig/Anderson ICFA Sardegna 2002

Interplay of Space-charge and Emittance: Simulation Data and simulation both show asymmetry about minimum spot size. Asymmetry is due to different emittance forces. If waist is emittance dominated, then envelope looks very different before and after waist. Asymmetry makes fitting to a parabola problematic. 11/26/2018 Rosenzweig/Anderson ICFA Sardegna 2002

Summary of Emittance Measurement Techniques Quad scans are ill-suited for highly space-charge dominated beams because the beam evolves under the influence of both space-charge and emittance effects. Rules of thumb Quad scan data may not be valid if Asymmetry in the data is an indicator of trouble. 11/26/2018 Rosenzweig/Anderson ICFA Sardegna 2002