Bellringer T1D4 Which of the groups / civilizations we discussed last time was most interesting to you? Give several reasons why!

T1D4 / Day 4, Ch. 1.3 “North American Peoples” U.S. History I T1D4 / Day 4, Ch. 1.3 “North American Peoples”

Key Terms pueblo drought adobe federation

Main Questions: What early peoples lived in North America? How did different North American peoples adapt to their environment?

Early Native Americans There were also several different ancient Native American cultures that rose in North America, just like the Mayan, Olmecs, and others in Central & South America. The most advanced of these civilizations (that we know a lot about) were the Hohokam, the Anasazi, and the Mound Builders of Ohio Valley.

The Hohokam In the dry, hot deserts of the SW United States, the Hohokam people built a culture from 300 BCE to 1300 CE. We suspect that they may have migrated from Northern Mexico. The Hohokam were experts at using all the available water in their environment. They built 100s of miles of irrigation canals to redirect water (much like we do today in Utah). VID We have also found many examples of pottery, carved stone, etched shells traded from the west Coast, etc. There is much however that remains shrouded in mystery…

The Anasazi / Pueblo People The Anasazi, aka Ancestral Pueblo / Puebloans lived around the same time frame, roughly 1 CE – 1300 CE, in the Four Corners area. They built some immense stone dwellings, called by the Spaniards “Pueblos”, or villages. Pueblo Bonito is one of the largest “Great Houses”, in what we call Chaco Canyon VID One of the most impressive Anasazi sites is called Mesa Verde VID. The buildings they built were often built into the cliffs, with at least several hundred people living there. Around 1300 CE, they disappeared. No one is really sure why. Drought may have been a factor.

The Mound Builders / Mississippians In the East along the Mississippi River were found the Mound Builders. Perhaps influenced by their neighbors to the south in Central America, Native Americans here built giant mounds of earth that were very similar to Mayan temples. Some of them were burial grounds, some had temples on top; others functioned more practically as landfills. There were actually several distinct groups that built these mounds, hence the big group name of “Mound Builders”. The first mounds were built around 1000 BCE. VID Some of the groups included the Adena, who lived in the Ohio Valley around 800 BCE. The Hopewell followed them from 200 BCE to 500 CE. One of their most famous mounds is the Giant Serpent Mound.

Cahokia The largest of the Mound Builder cities was Cahokia, in present day Illinois. Built ~900 CE, it had around 20,000 people living there (larger than most cities in Europe at the time), with mounds nearly 100 feet tall. VID It greatly resembled the cities of the Mayans and Aztecs to the south, but beyond their mounds, there is much we do not know.

Reminders: We will be finishing up Ch. 1 next time in class. We will review, and then have a test on T1D6! (Next Wed. / Thursday) You can use the remainder of the time today to work on your ABC project.

Bellringer T1D5 Why are there so many details that we don’t know about the Ancient Americans? Explain.

Day 5, Ch. 1.3 Part II “North American Peoples” U.S. History I Day 5, Ch. 1.3 Part II “North American Peoples”

Modern Native Peoples When the Europeans arrived, they found other groups living here in North America. In the far North, the Eskimos aka Inuit lived all over the northern frontier. Today, they actually have their own territory in Canada, Nunavut. They range from Russia to Greenland. They have lived in this area for thousands of years. Visiting Inuit, Inuit Culture Today They survive in some of the harshest conditions known, living in igloos, and hunting seals, polar bears, whales, caribou, etc.

Peoples of the West In the temperate / mild climate of the Northwest of North America, there were many groups, like the Tlingit, the Haida, and the Chinook. These peoples lived off of the sea, using both resources from the forest and the water. They lived in wooden homes, made canoes, cloth and baskets from tree bark. They hunted and trapped salmon (an important fish in their culture) and other fish with spears, etc. VID Artifacts VID Other tribes more inland, like the Nez Perce and the Yakima tribes, also relied on Salmon as a food source, and they respected it, along with the deer they hunted, and berries they collected for food.

California & The Great Basin Meanwhile, to South in California there were many tribes as well. The northern part was similar in lifestyle to the Pacific coast peoples, while those in the drier areas were hunter- gatherers. To the east, in the Great Basin, life was also difficult. Tribes like the Utes and Shoshone migrated while following food sources, and constantly stayed on the move. They adopted horses to help with this.

People of the Southwest The descendants of the Anasazi include the Hopi, Acoma and the Zuni peoples. These people lived much like their ancestors did, raising gardens of corn, squash, melons, etc. They also had similar communal houses. They traded with people as far away as Mexico. They were joined by 2 new groups in the 1500s, the Apache and the Navajo, who were hunters. The Navajo eventually settled down like the other tribes they joined, but still hunted often.

Peoples of the Plains Those who lived on the plains were nomadic, or always moving from place to place. They carried their home with them, cone- shaped skin tents, called tepees behind them. They hunted and gathered, but once the Spanish arrived with horses (and lost some of them), the Plains Indians tribes (like the Apache, and the Dakota) tamed the lost horses and used them to hunt and in warfare, making life much easier for them.

Peoples of the East The eastern woodlands of North America were home to many tribes that created complex political systems to manage their people. For example, the Iroquois and the Cherokee were two tribes that organized formal laws, and formed federations, or legal alliances with other tribes to protect themselves. The Iroquois united 5 different tribes, and they also invented lacrosse. VID The Iroquois federation had a constitution as well, which was written down once they learned writing from the Europeans who later arrived.

Peoples of the Southeast Meanwhile, the SE was also woodland, but it was warmer. Groups like the Creek, Chickasaw, and Cherokee were some of the major tribes in the area. No matter where the American Indians lived, they had developed and coexisted with their land well. The arrival of Europeans, who lived a very different lifestyle, ended up changing their way of life forever.