6.1 The Catholic Monarchs Spain in the 15th and 16th Centuries.

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Presentation transcript:

6.1 The Catholic Monarchs Spain in the 15th and 16th Centuries

Context: Spain in the 15th Century Beginning of the Modern Age Changes in the international panorama (disappearance of the Byzantine Empire, geographical discoveries, struggle for European hegemony). The feudal system entered a period of crisis (birth of authoritarian monarchies) Beginning of Humanism and the Renaissance The Catholic Monarchs

The Dynastic Union of Castilla and Aragón Isabella I of Castile (1451-1504) and Ferdinand II of Aragon (1452-1516) Married in 1469 and began to unify the kingdom of Castile and the Crown of Aragon’s states. Complete unification in 1479 (birth of a Modern state) Only Dynastic Union - other than the Catholic Monarchs’ rule, nothing else in common (different institutions, laws, customs and currencies).

The Strengthening of the State The Catholic Monarchs established an authoritarian monarchy and they controlled all powers of the State. Three main ways: Territorial Unification Religious Unity Establishment of the Modern State

Territorial Unification Annexation of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada (1492) by Castilla. Annexation of the Kingdom of Navarre (1512) by Aragon. Completed the (re)conquest of the Iberian Peninsula. Also prepared efforts for future unions with Portugal through marriage alliances.

B. Religious Unity Creation of the Tribunal of the Inquisition (1478) - institution which ensured Catholic orthodoxy and pursued heretics and Judaizers. Forced both the Jews (1492) and Granada’s Mudejares (1500) to leave or convert to Catholicism. Often used “less than orthodox methods” (i.e. torture and mutilation) to achieve their aims. - Over 150,000 people charged with crimes - 5,000 people executed for heresy

C. Establishment of the Modern State The CM imposed their authority over the nobility, clergy and municipalities - established an authoritarian monarchy. → Reduced municipal autonomy and created a centralised government. Also reformed the administration: Councils → administration Chancillerías / Audiencias [royal courts in Granada and Valladolid] → justice Santa Hermandad [Holy Brotherhood] → social order in rural areas Army → permanent and better organised (e.g. tercios)

The Expansion of Castile and Aragon Domestic Policy - Territorial Unification - Dominance of Catholicism Foreign Policy Marriage Alliances Territorial Conquests

Domestic Policy Their aim was to create a centralised government and achieve territorial unification. Religious and Political Unity. Two channels: (1) same religion, and (2) defeat enemies. Territorial Unification: conquered Granada (1492), Canarias (1496), and Navarra (1512). Dominance of Catholicism: Spanish Inquisition (1478), Expulsion of the Jews (1492), Conversion of the Moriscos (1502).

Foreign Policy: Marriage Alliances Creation of international alliances through their children’s marriages. - Portuguese Crown - English Crown (Tudors) - Holy Roman Empire (Habsburgs of Austria) Powerful allies in war and diplomacy → sources of gold, weapons, influence

Foreign Policy: Territorial Conquests Expansion into Africa, the Atlantic and Europe. Castilla: conquered fortresses in North Africa and expanded into the Atlantic. Aragón: rivalry with France and continued expanding into Europe.