Introduction to Rhetoric Freshman Honors – Spring 2015

Add to your interactive notebook… Table of Contents 39-40 Rhetorical Appeals

Rhetorical appeals [IN 40] Logos (Reason/Text) Ethos (Credibility/Speaker) Pathos (Emotions/Audience)

Rhetorical appeals [in 39] Look carefully at your advertisement and take note of the different elements. Then write a paragraph explaining: Who is the speaker? Who is the target audience? What is the purpose? How do you know?

Add to your interactive notebook… Table of Contents 41-42 Classical Argument Words Worth Knowing Structure: the arrangement of and relationships between parts or elements Mode: form of writing; four basic modes: descriptive, narrative, expository, and persuasive

Classical argument [in 42] Five parts of discourse necessary for persuasion Introduction – warms up audience, builds rapport, thesis Narration – presents issues, summary of background Confirmation – presents claims and evidence Concession and Refutation – considers/refutes opposing views Conclusion – summarizes argument, “final blast” of ethos/pathos

Classical argument [in 41] Part of Discourse Examples from Text Introduction Narration Confirmation Concession and Refutation Conclusion

Add to your interactive notebook… Words Worth Knowing Rhetoric: the art of speaking or writing effectively. Ethos: rhetorical appeal that draws on the speaker’s credibility. Logos: rhetorical appeal that draws on the text’s logic, facts, and statistics. Pathos: rhetorical appeal that draws on the audience’s emotions, values, and beliefs.

Add to your interactive notebook… Table of Contents 43-44 Logical Fallacies Words Worth Knowing Logical Fallacy: error in reasoning that undermines the logic of an argument

Logical Fallacies [IN 43] When you don’t have good reasons for your arguments or you are losing your argument, you might fall into the trap of using faulty logic. Consider the following scenario, and explain which of the following you would be likely to do and why. You want to go to a concert but your parents/guardians will not allow you to go because it is too expensive, it is a school night, they don’t approve of the band, and they don’t approve of your friends that are going. You know that you cannot win this argument, but you want to fight anyway. Which of the following are you likely to do? Attack your parent’s parenting style. Try to guilt them, by comparing your life to something terrible. Explain that not going will cause a chain of events that will dramatically affect your future. Pick the weakest point of their argument (you think it is the school night thing) and argue that. Bring up your good grade in Science in order to distract them from their good points. Suggest that because your sibling got to go to a basketball game last weekend, you should get to go to the concert.

Logical Fallacies [in 44] Fallacy Definition/Examples Red Herring Ad Hominem Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc Argumentum Ad Misericordiam Bandwagon Dicto Simpliciter Circular Reasoning Appeal to Authority Slippery Slope Appeal to Force

Logical Fallacies: Skit Imagine a scenario in which a parent and a teenager might argue Decide what the argument is about Determine who will win the argument: parent or teen The winner must make use of SOUND logic The loser must use SIX fallacies Write a skit for this argument – to be performed next class 

Logical Fallacies: Letter Trade your parent letter draft with another student for review Reviewer: read the letter and look for any fallacies used in the argument – circle any you find Writer: revise your parent letter to remove potential logical fallacies – finish as homework, if needed

Add to your interactive notebook… Table of Contents 45-46 Style Words Worth Knowing Style: the particular way in which a writer uses language; created mainly through diction, figurative language, and syntax.

Style [in 46] Style How a writer “dresses” the message Changes for different audiences and purposes Based on personality and skill of writer

Style [in 46] Diction (Word Choice) Sets the tone for the piece A writer may choose a word because… How it sounds (tone, rhyme) Technical vocabulary Connotation (implied meaning) girl, female, lady, woman, chica, shorty

Style [in 46] Syntax (Sentence Structure) Sets the rhythm and sound of a piece Short sentences  emphasis Complex sentences (coord. conjunctions, semicolons)  flow Varied syntax  create interest In spite of heavy snow and cold temperatures, the game continued. (periodic) I went to the movies yesterday, bought candy, and shopped at the mall. (loose) What they talked of all evening long, no one remembered next day. (inverted)

Style [in 46] Rhetorical Devices Tricks used to draw attention to the message Rhetorical questions Repetition and parallel structure Anecdotes Figurative language: simile, metaphor, imagery, personification Overstatement (hyperbole) and understatement