Associations of ambient coarse particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon monoxide with the risk of kidney disease: a cohort study Benjamin Bowe,

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Associations of ambient coarse particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon monoxide with the risk of kidney disease: a cohort study Benjamin Bowe, MPH, Yan Xie, MPH, Tingting Li, MD, Prof Yan Yan, PhD, Prof Hong Xian, PhD, Dr Ziyad Al-Aly, MD The Lancet Planetary Health Volume 1, Issue 7, Pages e267-e276 (October 2017) DOI: 10.1016/S2542-5196(17)30117-1 Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Study design (A) Flow diagram of cohort participant inclusion. (B) Data assessment timeline. eGFR=estimated glomerular filtration rate. T0=time zero. The Lancet Planetary Health 2017 1, e267-e276DOI: (10.1016/S2542-5196(17)30117-1) Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Adjusted incident rates of kidney disease outcomes by pollutant category Adjusted for age, race, sex, and T0 eGFR. Categories are defined by the cohort distribution in 2004: less than the 25th percentile is category 1, 25–75th percentile is category 2, and more than the 75th percentile is category 3. Error bars represent 95% CIs. T0=time zero. eGFR=estimated glomerular filtration rate. CO=carbon monoxide. NO2=nitrogen dioxide. PM10=ambient course particulate matter (≤10 μm). The Lancet Planetary Health 2017 1, e267-e276DOI: (10.1016/S2542-5196(17)30117-1) Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Spline analyses of risk of kidney outcomes by pollutant concentrations with pollutant probability distribution Models are adjusted for age, race, sex, cancer, cardiovascular disease, chronic lung disease, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, T0 eGFR, body-mass index, smoking, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker use, county population density, number of outpatient eGFR measurements, number of hospital admissions, and percentage of the county in poverty for CO (A), NO2 (B), and PM10 (C). The minimum pollutant concentration included in analyses served as the referent value. T0=time zero. eGFR=estimated glomerular filtration rate. CO=carbon monoxide. ppm=parts per million. NO2=nitrogen dioxide. ppb=parts per billion. PM10=ambient course particulate matter (≤10 μm). HR=hazard ratio. The Lancet Planetary Health 2017 1, e267-e276DOI: (10.1016/S2542-5196(17)30117-1) Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions