Solar Photovoltaic Power Stations

Fully Commissioned in Months Phased-In Generation Within One Month 99%+ Availability Offset Substation and Feeder Expansion Costs Improve Remote Power Quality Virtually Eliminate Transmission & Distribution Losses No Fuel Costs or Handling Solar Photovoltaic Power Stations

Minimal or No Earth Work Rapid Installation / Startup No Process Water Required No Air or Water Emissions No Avian Mortality Issues No Fuel Price Risk No Moving Parts No Noise Expandable Moveable Construction & Operation Benefits

Require few spare parts Require less exotic skills Safer repair with easy access Partial generation during repair Quick repair No special repair equipment Technical Availability Source: NERC; T. Casten 99%+ Availability Fewer Forced and Planned Outages

On a 10 MW substation load, 500 kW of PV can reduce transformer temperature 4 o C and boost transformer capacity by 410 kW. Substation Benefits Locatable anywhere on circuit Circuit generation avoids system losses Feeder circuit peaks typically sharper Lowers transformer temperature PV can shade transformers Lengthens life of transformers Assist Substation Peak Load

Avoid T&D Losses and Expenses Transmission & Distribution Benefits Distribution - 95% of outages & quality problems PV output peaks as line losses increase Distributed PV improves grid stability Greater than 99% power factor

20+ households = smooth load curve. Displace Grid Extension Costs Village Power Power for those not- or under-electrified. Local sustainable employment. Midday power available for local economic development. Peak power available for storage and low night demand.

System Configuration Support Structure Ground Mount Parking / Shade Cover PV Array Flat or Sloped Roof Mount Building Integrated Combiner Box DC Disconnect AC Disconnect Step-up / Isolation Transformer(s) Inverter(s) Sub-Array String Power Management Unit Add-On for: Backup Power: battery, flywheel, other Hybrid Generation: wind, generator, other Grid Power Off Grid Village Power Weather Station Monitoring

Project Experience

Springerville Generating Station Springerville, Arizona USA 2.4 MW DC Crystalline, Amorphous & CdTe Modules Grid-Tied 3-Phase, 34.5 kV kW Inverters Commissioned: 1.4 MW - November MW - September 2002

Tucson, Arizona USA 43.2 kW Crystalline Modules Grid-Tied 3-Phase, 480 V Two 20 kW Inverters Commissioned August 2002 City of Tucson Water

Tucson, Arizona USA 216 kW DC Crystalline Modules Grid-Tied 3-Phase, 13.8 kV Two 100 kW Inverters Commissioned January 2001 DeMoss Petrie Power Station

Tucson, Arizona USA 43.2 kW Crystalline Modules Grid-Tied 3-Phase, 13.8 kV Two 20 kW Inverters Commissioned September 2000 Irvington Road Power Station

Punjab, India 50 kW DC Crystalline Modules Grid-Tied 50 Hz 50 kW Inverter Commissioned 1999 Bajak Village Power Station

Roseville Fire Station Roseville, California USA 21.6 kW DC Crystalline Modules Grid-Tied Single-Phase, 240V Nine 2.5kW String Inverters Start: August 2002 Finish: October 2002

Lodi Station Parking Cover Lodi, California USA 23.9 kW DC Crystalline Modules Grid-Tied Single-Phase, 240V Nine 2.5kW String Inverters Start: October 2002 Finish: December 2002

Scott Kaminky, Director of Business Development GLOBAL SOLAR ENERGY, INC North Dixon Drive Parker, Colorado fax cell