Session 5 Ensuring sustainability in Faecal Sludge Management Training Programme on “Water Supply, Sewerage and Septage Management and Drainage” 6 – 7 December 2016 Venue: RCUES, Lucknow

Sanitation Situation - 2011 49.9% 5.18% 12.74% 21.7% 3.8% Domestic Environment Receiving Waters Agriculture field 93.3% 50% OD / Open Discharge Un-Safely Emptied (5.18%) 6.7% Containment Emptying Transport Treatment Reuse/ Disposal 1.4% 0.09% Centralized System (11.9%) Decentralized systems (2%) Legally dumped (9.3%) Effectively Treated (1.4%) Not Effectively Treated (3.08%) 13.9% WC 36.18% On-Site Facility Safely Emptied (31%) Safely Abandoned (0.09%) Leakage includes DEWATS (3.6%+ 0.2%) Illegally dumped (21.7%) 5.2% Not Effectively Treated (9.21%) Not Effectively Treated (0.45%) Effectively Treated (5.2%)

Sanitation Situation - 2025 23% 3% 29.73% 19.2% 5.6% Domestic Environment Receiving Waters Agriculture field 80.33% OD / Open Discharge Un-Safely Emptied (3%) 19.48% Containment Emptying Transport Treatment Reuse/ Disposal 4.6% 2.88% Centralized System (20%) Decentralized systems (6%) Legally dumped (28.8%) Effectively Treated (4.6%) Not Effectively Treated (3%) 26% WC 51% On-Site Facility Safely Emptied (48%) Safely Abandoned (2.88%) Leakage includes DEWATS (5%+0.6%) Illegally dumped (19.2%) 12% Not Effectively Treated (25.92%) Not Effectively Treated (0.81%) Effectively Treated (12%)

FSM POLICY

Sanitation Value Chain Cross cutting parameters COMPONENTS OF FSM POLICY Adherence to standards across all segments of the value chain Sanitation Value Chain Cross cutting parameters Desludgers Mounted Tractors Vacuum Trucks Carts/Vacutugs Land Application Co-treatment at STP Co-composting with solid waste Soil conditioner Energy production Ashes To safely address each of the stages in the sanitation value chain starting from: Design of the containment units Collection from the containment units Transportation of fecal sludge Treatment of fecal sludge Stipulating and adherence of disposal standards in managing of faecal sludge/septage To encourage and promote increased reuse of faecal sludge/septage as environmentally safe, organic fertilizers and soil conditioners Infographic Source: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation

Essential elements for the FSM Policy to address A policy essentially needs to capture and address the following essential elements of the strategic space The Actors The Rules of the game The Processes set into motion within those rules. 1. Aligica, Paul Dragos (2006); Institutional and Stakeholder Mapping: Frameworks for Policy Analysis and Institutional Change; Springer; Public Organiz Review

Policies & Institutional Framework Implementation Mechanism Need for Policy Lack of focus on DSI Focus on sewage discharge and maintenance ULBs have discretionary powers for design/construction aspects; but no practical reference available for the same on ground Acts Emphasis mainly on centralized sewered systems. Absence of operative guidelines for Decentralised systems a major backlog to achieve required results Multiplicity of institutions in the sector to anchor FSM responsibility Policies & Institutional Framework Capacity constraints in institutional framework Poor tendering and monitoring/regulation standards Functional Fragmentation in responsibilities Lack of clarity on roles and responsibilities Large unorganized market making regulation difficult Implementation Mechanism Acts The various Acts pertaining to the sanitation sector do not explicitly cover DSI as a mainstream service The focus is mainly on discharge of sewage and maintenance of sewers Acts empower the ULBs to formulate local by-laws for design/construction aspects, however no practical reference available for the same on ground Policies & Institutional Framework Emphasis is mainly on centralized sewered systems. There is minimalistic reference given to decentralized sanitation systems In the absence of standard comprehensive guidelines, it is practically not feasible to achieve the required results Implementation Mechanism Capacity constraints in the current institutional framework coupled with poorly drafted contractual documents is resulting in poor monitoring and regulation of the services Overlap in responsibilities between various agencies. Large unorganized market making regulation difficult

Policy Implementation case study Devanahalli FSM policy implementation

1 User Interface Key elements of FSM Objectives and Outcomes Activity to be undertaken by ULB Timeframe Means of Verification Survey and Inventory of sanitation systems Database Conduct survey of sanitation systems Record data and update 1 year Records and Registers of the ULBs Ensure all toilets are sanitary Identify insanitary latrines and ensure conversion to sanitary latrines for safe collection and disposal of waste 6 months Record of all insanitary latrines and progress of conversion

2 Collection & Storage Key elements of FSM Objectives and Outcomes Activity to be undertaken by ULB Timeframe Means of Verification Design and Construction of Septic Tanks/Pit Latrines Ensure that approved design is submitted for building plan approval All new Pits/Septic Tanks are of approved design 6 months Record of all Septic Tanks/Pits at ULBs Issue notice under KMA, 1964 to HHs where septic tank/pit latrine is a public nuisance by way of overflows, leakage or stench

3 Conveyance * Fees according to market dynamics, defined range Key elements of FSM Objectives and Outcomes Activity to be undertaken by ULB Timeframe Means of Verification Septage Transportation Safe transportation of septage/faecal sludge by transporters Transporters to have permits in vacuum trucks Safety gear for all staff Call for Expression of Interest. Grant permits (valid for a year) for transporting sewage on rate contract basis Certificate of fitness for the vehicles (to be checked every year) Trucks to prominently display their registration with the ULBs Payments * to be made directly to the Transporter The ULBs must maintain a record of vacuum trucks Ensure appropriate vacuum trucks Ensure staff are equipped with safety gear and other protective equipment 1 month Tender details Details of selected septage/faecal sludge transporters to be maintained Vehicle details to be maintained at ULBs * Fees according to market dynamics, defined range

4 Treatment Key elements of FSM Objectives and Outcomes Activity to be undertaken by ULB Timeframe Means of Verification Treatment and Final Disposal Ensure safe treatment of septage/FS As a first preference the septage/faecal sludge must be discharged on agricultural/horticultural fields of farmers having recognized composting facilities. 3 months The service providers’ manifest will give the details of the location of dumping of the septage/faecal sludge ULBs to check these facilities every 6 months

5 Reuse/Disposal Key elements of FSM Objectives and Outcomes Activity to be undertaken by ULB Timeframe Means of Verification Septage/sludge reuse Ensure that treated sludge is reused as soil conditioner Adheres to MSW compost quality Follows WHO (2006) reuse guidelines The ULBs must engage with agricultural science universities to conduct routine checks on the quality of compost produced as an end-product of the septage/sludge treatment process 1 month Records of compost quality to be maintained at site by third party, agricultural science universities- and ULBs.

IEC Key elements of FSM Objectives and Outcomes Activity to be undertaken by ULB Timeframe Means of Verification IEC Activity All stakeholders (residents, civic bodies, personnel handling septage/FS, municipal officials), farmers to be given awareness and periodical training on safe and best practices in septage/faecal sludge management Ensure one training session every 3 months for ULB staff Monthly engagement with RWA Sensitization of public Orientation of transporters 1 year Certification by the DMA  Photographs and Videos of the campaign  Photographs and Videos of the orientation sessions  

WHY FSM PLANNING ? All Onsite technologies, which are connected to centralised sewer systems are taken care of A city grows along with urbanization; even if the city is connected to a centralised sewer system, there will be onsite systems on the peri urban areas not connected to sewer systems FS if not treated and managed properly, results in it’s accumulation Health Impacts Environmental Impacts In addition to health benefits, improved FSM Planning has significant economic benefits

Components to FSM Planning Technical – Asset Creation User Interface: building of toilets Containment: installation of septic tanks and pits Collection and conveyance: procurement of desludging vehicles/operations and maintenance Treatment: construction of treatment units/operations and maintenance Reuse/Disposal: setting up of reuse infrastructure (biogas stoves, co-composting plant) Financing Mechanism Investment plan for the municipality for asset creation Phasing of investments Revenue model for user fee determination of collection and conveyance Institutional – Service Delivery Behavioral Aspects – Social Stakeholder Engagement Capacity Building – IEC Governance - Regulations Enabling Policy Framework Human Resource Capacity Building Rules and Regulations – Implementation Stage

Approaches to FSM Plan FSM Approach Decentralised

Methodology – FSM Planning Inception Stage Planning Approach Staffing Schedule Staging of Activity Methods to accomplish the activities Interim Stage Baseline Survey Data Analysis Existing Sanitation Scenario Final Stage Proposed Interventions Technical Financial Institutional Social FSM planning Collaborative consultation Techno-economic assessment Implementation planning Landscape study Gap Assessment

Components of an Enabling Framework ENABLING ENVIRONMENT FOR FSM Government Support Legal and Regulatory Framework Institutional Arrangements Skills and Capacities Financial Arrangements Socio- Cultural Acceptance Source: Luthl, et al., UNESCO-IHE, “Faecal Sludge Management, systems approach for implementation and operation”, IWA Publishing, 2014

Key Recommendations while planning Technical Provide public and community toilets Procure basic desludging/ conveyance equipment to cover all areas of the town Two technical approaches recommended for treatment of faecal sludge Provide each Pourashava with one modular FSTP designed for either 5 cu.m and 10 cu.m capacity Financial Capital Investment for building of toilets, procurement of desludging vehicles, establishment of treatment plant Phasing of investments Determination of type of funding – loan based or grant based approach Determination of user fee for desludging Institutional Support construction of individual/shared toilets Establish management system at Pourashava for faecal sludge management services Awareness campaign Training and capacity building Governance Ensure that new toilets have properly built pits & septic tank; improve existing pits &septic tanks Handholding for implementation

Key Questions to ask to plan the fecal sludge of a city/town No. of on-site sanitation facilities Pits Twin pits Septic Tanks Dimensions and Volumes of on-site sanitation facilities Average Filling Time of on-site sanitation facilities Pits Twin pits Septic Tanks New on-site sanitation facilities to be built Costs of desludging each on-site sanitation facility Desludging Frequency for each kind of on-site sanitation facility, based on size and type Prevailing practices of sludge removal and extent of coverage Volume of faecal sludge/ septage accumulated per annum and per day (in m3)

EIA status of the site to accommodate the treatment facility Key criteria before facilitating a fecal sludge treatment facility Can the city afford to build a treatment plant based on the current revenue situation in the municipality? Does the city have a honey sucker/vacutug and if yes, is it operational (or at least operable?) EIA status of the site to accommodate the treatment facility Is there enough additional land available already in the municipality’s ownership to accommodate a Treatment facility of required capacity (daily load)? Is there an Treatment facility already in place? If yes, is it functioning well?

Action Plan imperatives for Urban Local Government Survey and Inventory of Sanitation Systems Design and Construction of Septic Tanks and Pits Desludging Septage/ Faecal Sludge Transportation Treatment and Final Disposal Septage/sludge reuse as agricultural soil conditioner Information, Education and Communication (IEC) Fees/Charges for Collection, Conveyance and Treatment

Any further questions? … Thank You!

National Urban Sanitation Policy (2008) Policy Vision “All Indian cities and towns become totally sanitized, healthy and livable and ensure and sustain good public health and environmental outcomes for all their citizens with a special focus on hygienic and affordable sanitation facilities for the urban poor and women”. India – Signatory to UN MDGs Specific Goals Awareness Generation & Behavior Change Open Defecation Free Cities Integrated City Wide Sanitation Re-orienting Institutions and Mainstreaming Sanitation Sanitary and safe disposal Proper Operation and Maintenance of all sanitary installations Provision of infrastructure alone cannot solve the problems. People’s attitute needs to be changed Overall Policy Goal “To transform urban India into community- driven, totally sanitized, healthy and livable cities and towns”. Source: IWA DEWATS Conference, 25-28 May 2011, Manila,

NUSP – Key Components City Sanitation Task Force (CSTF) 100% Sanitation Campaign City Sanitation Plan (CSP) Capacity Building and Training Multi-stakeholder steering group to organise and monitor the process of sanitising the city Participation of various socio-economic groups in sanitation campaign Integrated planning of on-site and off-site systems to achieve 100% sanitation access Training for O&M to make sanitation initiatives sustainable

REFORM IMPLEMENTATION SEWERAGE AND SEPTAGE Management AMRUT-Thrust Areas CAPACITY BUILDING and REFORM IMPLEMENTATION WATER SUPPLY SEWERAGE AND SEPTAGE Management STORMWATER DRAINS PEDESTRIAN , NMT AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT GREEN SPACES Decentralised, networked underground sewerage systems Augmentation of existing sewerage systems and STPs Rehabilitation of old sewerage systems and treatment plants Recycling of water for beneficial purposes (reuse of wastewater) Faecal Sludge Management Cleaning, transportation and treatment in a cost effective manner Mechanical and biological cleaning of sewers and septic tanks Full cost recovery