Essentials of Understanding Psychology 9th Edition By Robert Feldman PowerPoints by Kimberly Foreman Revised for 9th Ed by Cathleen Hunt Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

Chapter 6: Memory Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

MODULE 18: The Foundations of Memory What is memory? Are there different kinds of memory? What are the biological bases of memory? Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

MODULE 18: The Foundations of Memory Process by which one encodes, stores, and retrieves information Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

Three-System Memory Theory Sensory Memory Short-Term Memory Long-Term Memory Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

Sensory Memory Iconic Memory Echoic Memory Reflects information from the visual system Echoic Memory Stores auditory information coming from the ears Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

Short-Term Memory Memory store in which information first has meaning Chunk Meaningful grouping of stimuli that can be stored as a unit in short-term memory Example: PBSFOXCNNABCCBSMTVNBC Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

Short-Term Memory The prior example in chunks: PBS FOX CNN ABC CBS MTV NBC Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

Short-Term Memory Rehearsal Elaborative rehearsal Mnemonics Information is considered and organized in some fashion Mnemonics Organizational strategies For example: “ROY G BIV” (Colors of the spectrum) Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

Short-Term Memory Working Memory Set of temporary memory stores that actively manipulate and rehearse information Central executive processor Visual store Verbal store Episodic buffer Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

Long-Term Memory Distinguishing from short-term memory Studies of people with certain types of brain damage Serial position effect Primacy effect Recency effect Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

Long-Term Memory Long-Term Memory Modules Declarative memory Factual information Semantic memory General knowledge and facts Episodic memory Events Procedural memory Skills and habits Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

Long-Term Memory Semantic Networks Mental representations of clusters of interconnected information Spreading activation Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

Long-Term Memory The Neuroscience of Memory Engram Hippocampus Amygdala Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

Long-Term Memory Memory at the Level of Neurons Long-term potentiation Shows that certain neural pathways become easily excited while a new response is being learned Consolidation Memories become fixed and stable in long-term memory Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

In Pursuit of a Memory Eraser PKM-zeta Inhibition of PKM-zeta stops a memory from being re-encoded in the brain after it was activated Propranolol Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

MODULE 19: Recalling Long-Term Memories What causes difficulties and failures in remembering? Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

Retrieval Cues Recall Recognition Specific piece of information must be retrieved Recognition Occurs when one is presented with a stimulus and asked whether he has been exposed to it previously, or is asked to identify it from a list of alternatives Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

Levels of Processing Levels-of-Processing Theory Suggests that the amount of information processing that occurs when material is initially encountered is central in determining how much of the information is ultimately remembered Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

Explicit and Implicit Memory Explicit Memory Intentional or conscious recollection of information Implicit Memory Memories of which people are not consciously aware, but which can affect subsequent performance and behavior Priming Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

Flashbulb Memories Memories related to a specific, important, or surprising event that are so vivid they represent a virtual snapshot of the event Source amnesia Example: September 11th, 2001 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

Constructive Processes in Memory: Rebuilding the Past Processes in which memories are influenced by the meaning one gives to events Schemas Organized bodies of information stored in memory that bias the way new information is interpreted, stored, and recalled Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

Constructive Processes in Memory: Rebuilding the Past Memory in the Courtroom: The Eyewitness on Trial Mistaken identity Specific wording of questions Children witnesses Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

Constructive Processes in Memory: Rebuilding the Past Repressed and False Memories Recollections of events that are initially so shocking that the mind responds by pushing them into the unconscious Memories may be inaccurate or even wholly false Controversy regarding their legitimacy Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

Constructive Processes in Memory: Rebuilding the Past Autobiographical Memory Recollection of circumstances and episodes from our own lives One tends to forget information about one’s past that is incompatible with the way in which he currently sees himself Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

MODULE 20: Forgetting: When Memory Fails Why do we forget information? What are the major memory impairments? Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

Why We Forget Failure of Encoding Decay Did not pay attention to material Decay Loss of information through nonuse Memory traces Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

Why We Forget Interference Cue-Dependent Forgetting Information in memory disrupts the recall of other information Cue-Dependent Forgetting Occurs when there are insufficient retrieval cues to rekindle information that is in memory Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

Proactive and Retroactive Interference Proactive Interference Information learned earlier disrupts the recall of newer material Retroactive Interference Difficulty in the recall of information because of later exposure to different material Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

Memory Dysfunctions: Afflictions of Forgetting Alzheimer’s Disease Amnesia Retrograde Anterograde Korsakoff’s Syndrome Afflicts long-term alcoholics Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

Improving Memory Effective strategies The keyword technique Organization cues Take effective notes Practice and rehearse Do not believe claims about drugs that improve memory Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011