Warm-Up – 3/19 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: What does a decrease in pressure cause the altimeter to indicate? Which pressure(s) is felt at the Airspeed Indicator? Describe the two types of information the VSI provides. What happens to the VSI when the pilot pulls back on the yoke/stick? What is the indication on the ASI if both the pitot tube opening and the drain hole should become clogged simultaneously?

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Warm-Up – 3/19 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: What does a decrease in pressure cause the altimeter to indicate? Which pressure(s) is felt at the Airspeed Indicator? Describe the two types of information the VSI provides. What happens to the VSI when the pilot pulls back on the yoke/stick? What is the indication on the ASI if both the pitot tube opening and the drain hole should become clogged simultaneously?

Altimeter Operation When the aircraft climbs or descends, changing pressure within the altimeter case expands or contracts the aneroid barometer. A decrease in pressure causes the altimeter to indicate an increase in altitude, and an increase in pressure causes the altimeter to indicate a decrease in altitude.

Warm-Up – 3/19 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: What does a decrease in pressure cause the altimeter to indicate? Which pressure(s) is felt at the Airspeed Indicator? Describe the two types of information the VSI provides. What happens to the VSI when the pilot pulls back on the yoke/stick? What is the indication on the ASI if both the pitot tube opening and the drain hole should become clogged simultaneously?

Pitot-Static Flight Instruments Impact Pressure Chamber and Lines The total pressure is transmitted to the Airspeed Indicator from the pitot tube’s pressure chamber via a small tube.

Warm-Up – 3/19 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: What does a decrease in pressure cause the altimeter to indicate? Which pressure(s) is felt at the Airspeed Indicator? Describe the two types of information the VSI provides. What happens to the VSI when the pilot pulls back on the yoke/stick? What is the indication on the ASI if both the pitot tube opening and the drain hole should become clogged simultaneously?

Principle of Operation The VSI displays two different types of information: • Trend information shows an immediate indication of an increase or decrease in the aircraft’s rate of climb or descent. • Rate information shows a stabilized rate of change in altitude.

Warm-Up – 3/19 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: What does a decrease in pressure cause the altimeter to indicate? Which pressure(s) is felt at the Airspeed Indicator? Describe the two types of information the VSI provides. What happens to the VSI when the pilot pulls back on the yoke/stick? What is the indication on the ASI if both the pitot tube opening and the drain hole should become clogged simultaneously?

Principle of Operation If an aircraft is maintaining level flight and the pilot pulls back on the control yoke causing the nose of the aircraft to pitch up, the VSI needle moves upward to indicate a climb.

Warm-Up – 3/19 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: What does a decrease in pressure cause the altimeter to indicate? Which pressure(s) is felt at the Airspeed Indicator? Describe the two types of information the VSI provides. What happens to the VSI when the pilot pulls back on the yoke/stick? What is the indication on the ASI if both the pitot tube opening and the drain hole should become clogged simultaneously?

Blockage of the Pitot-Static System If both the pitot tube opening and the drain hole should become clogged simultaneously, no change is noted on the airspeed indication should the airspeed increase or decrease.

Questions / Comments

THIS DAY IN AVIATION March 19 1909 — The International Aero and Motor-Boat Exhibition opens in London. Among the exhibits is a Wright airplane for sale at $7,000.

THIS DAY IN AVIATION March 19 1912 — The first of the United States Signal Corps “Scout” series capable of meeting a specification issued February 8, 1912, the S.C. No. 8 is delivered to Augusta, Georgia by Curtiss pilot Charles F. Walsh. It finally passes all tests at College Park, Maryland in May with Lincoln Beachey at the controls.

THIS DAY IN AVIATION March 19 1918 — The first operations across lines in France are flown by the 94th Squadron 1st Pursuit Group.

THIS DAY IN AVIATION March 19 1969 — The first scheduled jet air service inside the Arctic Circle begins as Nordair inaugurates a weekly return service between Montreal, Canada and Resolution Bay, Cornwallis Island, Canada.

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February / March 2018 25 26 27 28 1 2 Flight Line Friday QUIZ 3 4 5 6 Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday 25 26 Chapter 6 Flight Systems Powerplants 27 Propellers 28 Induction Carb Systems 1 Carb Icing and Heating 2 Flight Line Friday QUIZ 3   4 5 Ignition Systems 6 Oil Systems 7 Fuel Systems 8 Electrical Systems 9 Mighty 8th Museum 10 11 12 Chapter 7 Flight Instruments 13 Altimeter 14 Vertical Speed Indicator 15 Flight Instruments Airspeed Indicator 16 17 18 19 Flight Instruments Gyro Systems 20 Flight Instruments Magnetic Compass 21 Flight Instruments Review and Test 22 Chapter 8 Flight Manuals 23 Flight Manuals Review and Test 24

2nd Quarter Requirements (9 weeks – May 23) All students will complete the following: Take notes - All in class quizzes and tests Private Pilot Syllabus Lessons 1 – 6 (Taxiing through Air Traffic Control) Must pass written with 80% Successfully complete 3 times on small sim Successfully complete 1 time on Main sim Complete ERAU Aviation 101 3 quizzes and 1 test Student will receive zero points for all incomplete work – NO make-up / extra credit NOTE: All unfinished Student Pilot and ERAU must be complete prior to starting Private Pilot and last 3 quizzes and test for ERAU.

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Chapter 7 – Flight Instruments FAA – Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge

Today’s Mission Requirements Identify in writing how to interpret and operate flight instruments. Describe the pilot’s ability to recognize errors and malfunctions with flight instruments. Describe the pitot-static system and associated instruments. Describe the vacuum system and related instruments. Describe the gyroscopic instruments and the magnetic compass. EQ: Describe the importance of Aeronautical Knowledge for the student pilot learning to fly.

Gyroscopic Flight Instruments Several flight instruments utilize the properties of a gyroscope for their operation. The most common instruments containing gyroscopes are the turn coordinator, heading indicator, and the attitude indicator.

Gyroscopic Flight Instruments Sources of Power Gyros are vacuum, pressure, or electrically operated. Most aircraft have at least two sources of power to ensure at least one source of bank information is available if one power source fails.

Gyroscopic Flight Instruments Sources of Power The vacuum or pressure system spins the gyro by drawing a stream of air against the rotor vanes to spin the rotor at high speed, much like the operation of a waterwheel or turbine.

Gyroscopic Flight Instruments Sources of Power Pressure required for instrument operation varies, but is usually between 4.5 "Hg and 5.5 "Hg. One source of vacuum for the gyros is a vane-type engine-driven pump that is mounted on the accessory case of the engine.

Gyroscopic Flight Instruments Sources of Power A typical vacuum system consists of an engine-driven vacuum pump, relief valve, air filter, gauge, and tubing necessary to complete the connections.

Gyroscopic Flight Instruments Sources of Power Air is drawn into the vacuum system by the engine-driven vacuum pump. It first goes through a filter, which prevents foreign matter from entering the vacuum or pressure system.

Gyroscopic Flight Instruments Sources of Power The air then moves through the attitude and heading indicators, where it causes the gyros to spin. A relief valve prevents the vacuum pressure, or suction, from exceeding prescribed limits.

Gyroscopic Flight Instruments Sources of Power It is important to monitor vacuum pressure during flight, because the attitude and heading indicators may not provide reliable information when suction pressure is low.

Gyroscopic Flight Instruments Sources of Power When the vacuum pressure drops below the normal operating range, the gyroscopic instruments may become unstable and inaccurate.

Turn Indicators Aircraft use two types of turn indicators: turn-and-slip indicator and turn coordinator. The turn-and-slip indicator shows only the rate of turn in degrees per second.

Turn Indicators The turn coordinator can initially show roll rate and it indicates rate of turn. Both instruments indicate turn direction and quality (coordination), and also serve as a backup source of bank information in the event an attitude indicator fails.

Turn Indicators Coordination is achieved by referring to the inclinometer, which consists of a liquid-filled curved tube with a ball inside.

Turn-and-Slip Indicator The turn-and-slip indicator uses a pointer, called the turn needle, to show the direction and rate of turn.

Turn Coordinator The turn coordinator can be used to establish and maintain a standard-rate turn by aligning the wing of the miniature aircraft with the turn index.

Turn Coordinator Two marks on each side (left and right) of the face of the instrument. The first mark a wings level zero rate of turn. The second mark indicate a standard rate of turn.

Turn Coordinator A standard-rate turn is defined as a turn rate of 3° per second. The turn coordinator indicates only the rate and direction of turn; it does not display a specific angle of bank.

Inclinometer The inclinometer is used to depict aircraft yaw. Coordinated flight is maintained by keeping the ball centered. If the ball is not centered, it can be centered by using the rudder.

Inclinometer To center the ball, apply rudder pressure on the side to which the ball is deflected. Use the simple rule, “step on the ball,” to remember which rudder pedal to press.

Inclinometer Instrument Check During the preflight, check to see that the inclinometer is full of fluid and has no air bubbles. The ball should also be resting at its lowest point. When taxiing, the turn coordinator should indicate a turn in the correct direction while the ball moves opposite the direction of the turn.

Attitude Indicator The attitude indicator, with its miniature aircraft and horizon bar, displays a picture of the attitude of the aircraft. The relationship of the miniature aircraft to the horizon bar is the same as the relationship of the real aircraft to the actual horizon.

Attitude Indicator The instrument gives an instantaneous indication of even the smallest changes in attitude. The horizon bar represents the true horizon.

Attitude Indicator The attitude indicator is reliable and the most realistic flight instrument on the instrument panel.

Heading Indicator The heading indicator is fundamentally a mechanical instrument designed to facilitate the use of the magnetic compass. Errors in the magnetic compass are numerous, making straight flight and precision turns to headings difficult to accomplish, particularly in turbulent air.

Heading Indicator Because of precession caused by friction, the heading indicator creeps or drifts from a heading to which it is set.

Heading Indicator Another error in the heading indicator is caused by the fact that the gyro is oriented in space, and the Earth rotates in space at a rate of 15° in 1 hour. The heading indicator may indicate as much as 15° error per every hour of operation.

Heading Indicator Instrument Check As the gyro spools up, make sure there are no abnormal sounds. While taxiing, the instrument should indicate turns in the correct direction, and precession should not be abnormal.

Questions / Comments

2nd Quarter Requirements (9 weeks – May 23) All students will complete the following: Take notes - All in class quizzes and tests Private Pilot Syllabus Lessons 1 – 6 (Taxiing through Air Traffic Control) Must pass written with 80% Successfully complete 3 times on small sim Successfully complete 1 time on Main sim Complete ERAU Aviation 101 3 quizzes and 1 test Student will receive zero points for all incomplete work – NO make-up / extra credit NOTE: All unfinished Student Pilot and ERAU must be complete prior to starting Private Pilot and last 3 quizzes and test for ERAU.

Questions / Comments