Prenatal Development

State Standard 53) Evaluate and provide evidence of the process of fertilization, mitosis, and meiosis, then outline the timeline and phases of development of a fetus, from fertilization until birth. Describe the abnormalities that can occur at each phase, including genetic disorders and other congenital complications.

Objectives Students will explore the timeline of fetal development month by month. Students will identify structures formed during the differing stages of pregnancy. Students will apply knowledge learned and complete case study lab activities to determine if sample fetuses are growing correctly.

From Conception to Birth 3 stages of conception Period of the Zygote Period of the Embryo Period of the Fetus

Period of the Zygote Begins when the egg is fertilized. Period of rapid cell division Ends 2 weeks later when the zygote is implanted in the wall of the uterus Discussion: Applying what you learned about female anatomy, where is the egg fertilized?

Period of the Zygote

Period of the Zygote Discussion: Theorize that 2 eggs are fertilized in the fallopian tube, one in the right tube and one in the left tube. Only the right one implants in the uterine lining. The other becomes lodged in a narrowing of the left fallopian tube. Describe each egg using the terminology that you have learned.

Period of the Embryo From 3 to 8 weeks after conception Prenatal Structures begin to form in the mother. Body parts of the embryo are formed during this period Discussion: During this period where is the embryo housed? Applying what you learned about the menstrual cycle, what is nourishing the embryo?

Prenatal Structures Once fertilization occurs the mothers body begins to create structures to house, nourish, and protect the growing baby. The Embryo is attached to the nutrient lining of the uterus and begins to grow there. The Placenta begins to develop-It nourishes the baby as it grows and releases hormones. The baby is attached to the placenta by the umbilical cord. The amniotic sac forms and fills with amniotic fluid which surrounds the baby for protection.

Prenatal Structures

Discussion Applying what you have previously learned about the placenta, what other body system is it a part of? Why is it a part of that system?

Period of the Fetus From 9 weeks after conception to birth Increase in size and systems begin to function Age of viability: 22 to 28 weeks Discussion: In the early weeks of pregnancy, the fetus is very vulnerable, what substances taken in by the mother can cause harm to the growing fetus?

First Month By the end of the first month, the embryo is about 1/10 of an inch long. The heart, which is no larger than a poppy seed, has begun beating.

First Month

Two Months The embryo is about 1 inch long and has distinct, slightly webbed fingers. Veins are clearly visible. The heart has divided into right and left chambers.

Two Months

Three Months By now the fetus is 2 1/2 to 3 inches long and is fully formed. He or she has begun swallowing and kicking. All organs and muscles have formed and are beginning to function.

3 Months

Four Months The fetus is covered with a layer of thick, downy hair called lanugo. His or her heartbeat can be heard clearly. Kicks may be felt.

4 months

Five Months A protective coating called vernix caseosa begins to form on baby's skin. By the end of this month, the baby will be nearly 8 inches long and weigh almost a pound.

Six Months Eyebrows and eyelids are visible. The baby's lungs are filled with amniotic fluid, and he or she has started breathing motions. The baby is able to hear the mothers voice.

6 Months

Seven Months By the end of the seventh month, the baby weighs about 3 1/2 pounds and is about 12 inches long. His or her body is well-formed. Fingernails cover the fingertips

7 Months

Eight Months The baby is gaining about half a pound per week, and layers of fat are piling on. He or she has probably turned head-down in preparation for birth, and weighs between 4 and 6 pounds.

8 months

Nine Months The baby is a hefty 6 to 9 pounds and measures between 19 and 22 inches. As he or she becomes more crowded, the baby will move less

9 Month baby in the womb

Conception to Birth video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GZk4hT7ncv0 12 minutes

Activity With a partner complete the Fetal Development lab activity located on the class website. Read the information at the top of the activity and follow the directions. You will be determining if your patients from the fertility activity that you have previously done have a normally progressing pregnancy. Complete the analysis questions together Complete the review questions individually

The Birth Process

State Standard Evaluate and provide evidence of the process of fertilization, mitosis, and meiosis, then outline the timeline and phases of development of a fetus, from fertilization until birth. Describe the abnormalities that can occur at each phase, including genetic disorders and other congenital complications.

Objectives Students will explore the 4 stages of birth Students will identify the cervical dilation Students will identify changes in the infant during the birth process. Students will create an education brochure that could be given to a primagravida mother.

Terminology A woman who has never been pregnant is referred to as a nulligravida.  A woman who is pregnant for the first time is referred to as a primigravida. A woman in subsequent pregnancies as a multigravida Discussion: As part of our objectives, we will be educating a primigravida mother on the process of labor and birth, apply your terminology and explain why we chose that population to educate.

4 stages of birth Stage 1 Thinning (effacement) and opening (dilation) of the cervix 1. Early labor 2. Active labor 3.  Transition to second stage Stage 2 Baby moves through the birth canal Stage 3 Delivery of the placenta Stage 4 Recovery period Discussion: Applying what you know about female anatomy, what structures must the baby move through to exit the body?

Effacement and Dilation of the Cervix Effacement- thinning of the cervix Dilation- increase in size of the opening of the cervix Measured from 1 to 10 The cervix must be completely dilated to 10 for the baby to move through the cervix Discussion: The cervix effaces and dilates due to pressure. During contractions more pressure is put on the cervix causing it to efface and dilate more, what structure of the baby is putting this pressure on the cervix?

Effacement and Dilation

Dilation to 10 cm

Stage 1- Early Labor Cervix opens to about 4 cm Contractions progress from mild to stronger Contractions should be around 30-45 seconds long 5-30 minutes between contractions Early labor lasts around 8-12 hours Discussion: During this time strain is put on the amniotic sac and fluid, theorize what will also happen during this stage.

Stage 1-Active labor Cervix is dilated to 4-7 cm Contractions last around 60 seconds 3-4 minutes between contractions Cervix dilates around 1 cm per hour Discussion: Calculate how long it should take for a woman who is 4 cm dilated to get to 10 cm in active labor.

Stage 1-Transition to Second Stage Cervix dilates from 7-10 cm Most painful time Contractions last 60-90 seconds Every 2-3 minutes Discussion: What procedure can be done during this stage of labor to help with pain management?

Stage 2 Baby begins to move through the birth canal Once the cervix is completely dilated and effaced Extreme urge to push in conjunction with the contractions. The length of the second stage depends on the number of births the patient has had, the presentation of the baby, and the size of the baby. Discussion: Theorize who will spend a longer time in stage 2 of labor a primigravida or multigravida?

Delivery In a normal delivery the head of the infant will present at the opening of the vagina. The opening of the vagina may have to be enlarged by a procedure called episiotomy to prevent tearing. Once the head is delivered, the shoulders are delivered one at a time, then the rest of the body. The umbilical cord is clamped and cut

Stage 3 Delivery of the placenta Uterus continues to contract to expel the placenta Usually around 5-15 minutes Discussion: Applying what you know about the placenta, theorize why it is delivered after the baby and not before?

Stage 4 Recovery stage Time of bonding between family and the baby Begin breastfeeding if choose to do so. Uterus begins to clamp down and become smaller. Fundus of the Uterus is checked to ensure it is clamping down. Discussion: Theorize why the uterus needs to clamp down and become smaller.

Fundal checks

Vaginal Birth Animation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BgZ5z6RB06c 3 minutes

C-section Birth animation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xyN48VnRYUY 3 minutes and 30 seconds

Activity You will be creating an Educational Brochure for a primagravida patient detailing the 4 stages of labor, explaining cervical dilation and effacement with visual representation, and explaining the purpose of fundal checks. You may also add any other information you find helpful. This needs to look professional, be colorful, and creative.

Video of Fetal Development and Birth Warning this will end with the birth of a baby, there is about 30 seconds of a vaginal birth Stages of Pregnancy, Genes, and Birth 1 hour 30 minutes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=33R2zTGK1eM