particles (electrons) A Cathode Ray Tube Source of Electrical Potential Metal Plate Gas-filled glass tube Metal plate Stream of negative particles (electrons) J. J. Thomson - English physicist. 1897 Made a piece of equipment called a cathode ray tube. It is a vacuum tube - all the air has been pumped out. Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 58

Background Information Cathode Rays Form when high voltage is applied across electrodes in a partially evacuated tube. Originate at the cathode (negative electrode) and move to the anode (positive electrode) Carry energy and can do work Travel in straight lines in the absence of an external field

Cathode Ray Experiment 1897 Experimentation Using a cathode ray tube, Thomson was able to deflect cathode rays with an electrical field. The rays bent towards the positive pole, indicating that they are negatively charged.

The Effect of an Electric Field on Cathode Rays High voltage cathode source of high voltage positive plate negative anode _ + Charged particles tend to move away from particles with the same charge and toward particles with the opposite charge. When the cathode rays bent away from the negative pole of the magnet and toward the positive pole, this rule caused Thomson to realize the cathode rays were negatively charged. Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter , 3rd Edition, 1990, page 117

Conclusions He compared the value with the mass/ charge ratio for the lightest charged particle. By comparison, Thomson estimated that the cathode ray particle weighed 1/1000 as much as hydrogen, the lightest atom. He concluded that atoms do contain subatomic particles - atoms are divisible into smaller particles. This conclusion contradicted Dalton’s postulate and was not widely accepted by fellow physicists and chemists of his day. Since any electrode material produces an identical ray, cathode ray particles are present in all types of matter - a universal negatively charged subatomic particle later named the electron In the cathode ray experiment, Thomson was able to verify the existence of the electron, characterize its mass, and determine that it has negative charge.

Conclusiones He comparado con el valor de la masa / carga más ligera para la proporción de partículas cargadas. En comparación, Thomson calcula que las partículas de rayos catódicos pesaba 1 / 1000 tanto como el hidrógeno, el átomo más ligero. Él llegó a la conclusión de que los átomos contienen partículas subatómicas, átomos de dividirse en partículas más pequeñas. Esta conclusión es contradicha Dalton postulado y no fue ampliamente aceptada por sus compañeros físicos y químicos de su época. Dado que todo el material del electrodo produce una idéntica de rayos, rayos catódicos partículas están presentes en todos los tipos de materia, universal negativamente cargado de partículas subatómicas más tarde el nombre de electrón

Cathode Rays Cathode ray = electron Electrons have a negative charge - (A) The effect of an obstruction on cathode rays shadow High voltage source of high voltage Cathode Rays cathode yellow-green fluorescence Cathode ray = electron Electrons have a negative charge (B) The effect of an electric field on cathode rays High voltage cathode source of high voltage positive plate negative anode low voltage + - “Cathode Rays”   This slide demonstrates the use of a cathode ray tube in J.J. Thomson’s discovery of the electron. Basic Concepts In a cathode ray tube, negative particles or radiation are emitted from the cathode and attracted to the anode. Electrons are fundamental particles present in the atoms of all elements. Teaching Suggestions Use this slide to familiarize students with the experiments that led to the discovery of the electron. Discuss how Thomson was able to conclude from his observations that electrons are fundamental particles found within all atoms. Explain that most of the air was removed from the tube and that a high voltage was applied, producing negatively charged terminal (cathode) and a positively charged terminal (anode). Review that negatively charged particles are attracted to positively charged objects. Questions When William Crookes conducted the experiments shown in diagram (A), he noted that a shadow appeared on the end of the tube. What did this shadow tell him about cathode rays? Explain. To find out more about the nature of cathode rays, J.J. Thomson placed a disk with a slit in it in front of the cathode. What happened to the cathode rays? The other modifications J.J. Thomson made to the tube was to install positively and negatively charged plates, as shown in diagram (B). To his surprise, the beam of rays was bent toward the positively charged plate. What did this observation tell Thomson about the nature of cathode rays? What would have happened if the rays had been positively charged particles? What if the rays had no electrical charge (for example, if they were light rays)? Thomson repeated his experiments using different materials for the electrodes and a variety of gases in the cathode ray tube. In all cases, the cathode ray particles behaved in the same manner. What did these results tell Thomson? Why was it important to conduct these additional experiments? Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter , 3rd Edition, 1990, pages 117-118

J.J. Thomson He proved that atoms of any element can be made to emit tiny negative particles. From this he concluded that ALL atoms must contain these negative particles. He knew that atoms did not have a net negative charge and so there must be balancing the negative charge. J.J. Thomson (1856 - 1940) proposed a model of the atom with subatomic particles (1903). This model was called the plum-pudding or raisin pudding model of the atom. (Sir Joseph John) J. J. Thompson was born in Manchester in 1856. His father was a bookseller and publisher. Thompson was Cavendish Professor of experimental physics, Cambridge University from 1894 - 1919. He was described as humble, devout, generous, a good conversationalist and had an uncanny memory. He valued and inspired enthusiasm in his students. Thompson was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics for his investigations of the passage of electricity through gases. In 1897, he discovered the electron through his work on cathode rays. Thomson´s son, Sir George Paget, shared the Nobel Prize for physics with C.J. Davisson in 1937. Seven of Thomson´s trainees were also awarded Nobel Prizes. J.J. Thompson is buried in Westminster Abbey close to some of the World’s greatest  scientists, Newton, Kelvin, Darwin, Hershel and Rutherford. Thomson won the Nobel Prize in 1906 for characterizing the electron. J.J. Thomson

William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) In 1910 proposed the Plum Pudding model Negative electrons were embedded into a positively charged spherical cloud. Spherical cloud of Positive charge Electrons Named after a dessert, the plum pudding model portrays the atom as a big ball of positive charge containing small particles with negative charge. Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 56

Thomson Model of the Atom J.J. Thomson discovered the electron and knew that electrons could be emitted from matter (1897). William Thomson proposed that atoms consist of small, negative electrons embedded in a massive, positive sphere. The electrons were like currants in a plum pudding. This is called the ‘plum pudding’ model of the atom. Found the electron Couldn’t find (proton) positive (for a while) Said the atom was like plum pudding …. bunch of positive stuff, with the electrons able to be removed. - electrons - - - - - - -