Africa & The Spread of Islam

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Presentation transcript:

Africa & The Spread of Islam Stearns Chapter 8

Diversities & Similarities Sub-Saharan Africa was mostly isolated from the civilizations of the Mediterranean and Asia before 800 CE From 800-1500 the frequency and intensity of contacts increased Spread of Islam Trading networks Much of Southern Africa will still be isolated

Large Continent with great diversity Lack of unifying political structure or religion led to great divisions Both States and Stateless Societies with little concentration of authority States would ultimately form as the stateless found it difficult to organize militaries and do other things that create stable, long- lasting civilizations

Common Elements Bantu migration leading to similar language attributes Animist religions: power of natural forces personified as gods Role of worship: Dancing, drumming, sacrifice Cosmology: how the world/heavens worked Guides to ethical behaviors Veneration of ancestors Economics: While N. Africa was involved in Mediterranean trade, Sub-Sahara was more varied: agriculture, iron working, regional trading (C&C)

Christianity Early Christian converts in Axum, Egypt, Nubia and Ethiopia Egypt: The Copts, early Christian group Spread south to Nubia From Axum grew Ethiopia Frequent conflict with surrounding Muslims

Islam in North Africa From 640-700, Islam swept across North Africa Rapid conversion of populations under the unity of the Abassids (more intense conversions than under Umayyad) When that unity broke, separate, competing states will form (i.e. Egypt) Why Islam Egalitarian in the eyes of Allah Though, this did not always play out this way on earth Single-rule under Abbasid

Grassland Kingdoms In the Sahel Region: Between the Sahara and the Forests of Africa, powerful states emerge Most thrive on regional trade of Gold and Salt Ghana: 4th-11th Centuries Mali: 13th-15th Centuries (Mansa Musa) Songhay: 15th-16th Centuries

Commonalities Islam providing a universal faith and fixed laws Existing traditions remain Treatment of women: some were matrilineal

The Swahili of East Africa Islamicized African ports along the Indian Ocean Enhanced trading Most retained traditional beliefs Swahili language with a combination of African (Bantu) and Islamic languages and practices

Central African Kingdoms By the 13th Century, Bantu speakers approached Southern Africa States forming linking diverse people into political units The Kongo Zimbabwe