Vocabulary Density Gradient – The change in density in an urban area from the center to the periphery. The further you move away from the inner city, the houses per square unit decreases Gentrification – The process of improving the socioeconomic status of a place Squatter settlements – an area where poverty stricken individuals have illegally set up a settlement Redlining - A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries or zip codes. Edge City – an area of development on the outskirts of a city that has large amounts of commercial and residential zones

Vocabulary Greenbelts - A ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area. Sprawl – the spreading of an urban area Filtering – A process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner to abandonment. Zoning Ordinance - A law that limits the permitted uses of land and maximum density of development in a community.

Urban Patterns Where have Urban Areas Grown? Urbanization Defining urban settlements Where are people distributed within urban areas? Three Models of Urban Structure Use of the models outside North America

Where have urban areas grown? 1800 – 3% lived in cities Only one had over a million, Beijing Now ½ of the world’s population live in cities 400 have a least a million

History of Urbanization Modern urbanization begins with the industrial Revolution Certain cities develop into world cities New York, Tokyo, London

Urbanization The process in which a city grows; increase # of people living in cities and increase in % of people living in cities Different global distributions

Urban Hierarchies Hamlets – Few dozen people, Clustered around a service Villages – Few hundred people, Variety of services Towns – Fifty to thousands – clear definable boundaries Cities – Hundreds to fifty thousand Metropolises – over fifty thousand Megapolitans – metropolises grow together and overlap

Increase in % of people in cities Measure of a counties development ¾ in MDCs 2/5 in LDCs Exception is Latin America (MDC) Higher in MDCs due to job opportunities and need for fewer farmworkers Increasing # of people in cities LDCs have more of the very large urban settlements Migration from the countryside and natural increase rate

Defining Urban Settlements Social differences between Urban and Rural Settlements Large in size (will not know everyone), high population density (specialized roles and competition between groups for territory), socially heterogeneous people (greater variety of people) Physical definitions of urban settlements Legal boundary of a city (locally elected officials, taxes, etc.. That that area has authority), Central city - A city surrounded by suburbs continuously built-up area functional area

Definitions of Urban Settlements Urbanized area – the central city and the surrounding built-up suburbs there population density exceeds 1,000 persons psm Metropolitan statistical area – measures the functional area of a city; population with at least 50,000, county within which the city is located, adjacent counties with a big population Micropolitan statistical area – an urbanized area between 10,000 and 50, 000 and the same points as MSAs. Overlapping metropolitan areas – adjacent MSAs that share commuters of jobs, Southern CA is an example

Overlapping Metropolitan Areas

Megalopolis One continuous urban complex. Downtown areas are distinct, but the periphery overlaps. Boshwash ¼ US population 2% of it’s land area

Where are people distributed within urban areas? 3 models of urban structure Started in Chicago then applied to other US cities Concentric zones sector Multiple nuclei models

E. W. Burgess’ Concentric Zones Model Explains the distribution of different social groups A city grows outward from a central area in a series of 5 concentric rings CBD in the center Zone of transition; contains industry and poorer quality housing Zone of working class homes; modest older houses Zone of better residences; middle class families Commuter’s zone; dormitory towns for commuters who work in the center

Homer Hoyt’s Sector Model A city develops in a series of sectors, not rings As a city grows, activities expand outward on a wedge, or sector, from the center It starts with the High class residential district and then goes out from there Industrial and retailing activities develop along transportation lines Used Chicago as a model

C.D. Harris and E. L. Ullman’s Multiple Nuclei Model A city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities resolve Examples – a port, neighborhood business center, university, airport, and park Each node attracts businesses for the type of people living there Economic opportunities develop in different places

Harris Peripheral Model Inner city surrounded by suburbs Density Gradient – The further you move away from the inner city, the houses per square unit decreases

Geographic Applications of the Models Social area analysis Plotting results from the census on a map US cities-Dominated by the automobile Grid system for streets, freeways, urban sprawl Three main zones: Industrial, residential, commercial

Use of the Models outside North America European Cities – begin preindustrial revolution Dendritic streets, skyscrapers on the outskirts, increase reliance on public transportation Greenbelts to prevent urban sprawl Wealthier people cluster along a sector extending out from the CBD

European City Model

Use of the Models outside North America European Cities – begin preindustrial revolution Unlike US, wealthy Europeans live in the inner rings of the upper-class sector, not just the suburbs Inner-city neighborhoods are renovated for wealthy people or demolished and replaced by apartment buildings Lower income are in the outskirts of the city (suburbs)= long commutes to jobs and amenities

Less Developed Countries Poor are in the suburbs and wealthy are in the city and a sector extending from the center opposite in North America Latin American Cities – CBD spine with squatter settlements Asian Cities – Work by the Port Office Parks – agglomerations with shared phone and internet services and transportation infrastructure Situation advantage; freeway access and port facilities Site advantages – low labor infrastructure costs Islamic Cities – centered around the jani- primary mosque African Cities – Colonial government, current commercial center- Market or Bazar; 3 CBDs

Vocabulary Fiscal Policies - a government policy for dealing with the budget (especially with taxation and borrowing); problem in central cities due to low-income population Bid-rent theory – geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases. Highest in the CBD, then decrease as it goes out. Suburbs – residential areas surrounding a city; largest % of US population live here Underclass – A group in society prevented from participating in the material benefits of a more developed society because of a variety of social and economic characteristics.

Vocabulary Entrepot – a trading center, or simply a trading warehouse where merchandise can be imported and exported without paying for import duties, often at a profit – examples = San Diego, Oakland & Singapore Gateway city – a city that serves as a link between one country or region and others because of its physical situation –ex- Ellis island for New York, San Francisco for Chinese. Istanbul – Europe west and Asia South Emerging city – population growth and increasing economic and political clout -ex -Shanghai in Asia and Dubai in Middle East DINK culture – double income no kids Annexation – to add an area to an already incorporated area

Why do inner cities have distinctive problems? Inner city physical problems Inner city social problems Inner city economic problems

Inner-city Physical Problems Poor conditions of housing Can either be demolished or rehabilitated Public housing – government run houses Process of Deterioration Filtering Large houses are subdivided by absentee landlords into smaller dwellings for low-income families May result in abandonment Reason they are absent are that the rent does not cover the maintenance Redlining Drawing lines on a map to identify areas in which they will refuse to loan money Cannot fix up a house Community Reinvestment Act requires banks to document by census tract where they make loans

Inner-City Social Problems Racism and segregation – Higher % of minorities Underclass- Inner-city residents that are trapped in an unending cycle of economic and social problems Homelessness Culture of poverty; (having multiple kids and single parent households) High levels of crime; (drugs, gangs, etc) Lack of education (do not take advantage of the opportunities that are given to them) Lack of Job skills

Inner city Economical problems Situation forces middle and upper classes out of the inner city Lower tax base, less funding for services Lack of annexation – Cities have been unable to add wealthier suburbs – Hurts tax base

Urban Renewal Cities identify blight inner-city neighborhoods, acquire property from private owners, relocate the residents and business, clear the site, and build new roads and utilities Land is then turned over to private developers, parks department, or board of education

Why do suburbs have distinct problems? The peripheral model Contribution of transportation to suburbanization Local government fragmentation

Chauncey Harris’ Peripheral Model Based on how people enjoy suburbs more than inner cities An urban area consist of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road Nodes of consumer business services called edge cities are around the beltway

Development of Suburbs (Urban Sprawl) Modern suburbs began for four main reasons Improvements in freeways, affordability of cars Increased access to suburbs and opened cheap land for developers Multiplier effect and relocation of businesses Affordable construction methods, change in tax laws and loans, tract housing McMillian – large developers purchase land, materials, and decrease unit cost then subcontract prefab-, assembled on site, division of labor – speeds everything up Financing loans – FHA and GI Bill Popular culture spreading the idea Negatives of big city Desire for bigger home, single family “The American Way” Baby boomer generation – families Demand Male = Head of household, Woman = homemaker White flight Homogeneous

Local Government Big locations are divided up between counties, cities, towns, villages, school districts, and other special districts (example trash pickup) Each area might have their own public services and conflicts can arise

Density gradient The # of houses per unit of land diminishes as distance from the center city increases # of people living in the center city has decreased Less density difference within urban areas These 2 changes flatten the density gradient and reduce extremes of inner and outer areas