Images in this power point were obtained from Google Images Biology Chemistry Unit Test Review Images in this power point were obtained from Google Images

Anything that has _______ and _________. What is Matter? Anything that has _______ and _________.

Anything that has mass and volume. What is Matter? Anything that has mass and volume.

What is the smallest unit of matter? Hint: not a Chihuahua!

An Atom!

What are atoms made up of? Hint: 3 Things

What 2 larger particles are in the nucleus of the atom and make up the MASS of the atom? What are their charges? What are the smallest particles in the space outside of the nucleus that do not add to its mass? What is its charge?

Protons (+) and Neutrons (0) What 2 larger particles are in the nucleus of the atom and make up the MASS of the atom? What are their charges? Protons (+) and Neutrons (0) What are the smallest particles in the space outside of the nucleus and do not add to its mass? What is its charge? Electrons (-)

This is the element Boron and how it appears on the periodic table. What is this number called? What does this number represent? What is this number called? What does this number represent?

Mainly represents the # of Protons (+) but also # of Electrons (-) Represents the # Protons + # Neutrons

How many neutrons are in Boron?

Fill in the missing items from this chart. Element Symbol Protons Neutrons Electrons Atomic # Mass # Chlorine Cl 17 35 Nitrogen N 7 Fill in the missing items from this chart.

How did I get those #’s? Proton # = Atomic # Electron # = Atomic # Element Symbol Protons Neutrons Electrons Atomic # Mass # Chlorine Cl 17 18 35 Nitrogen N 7 14 How did I get those #’s? Proton # = Atomic # Electron # = Atomic # Mass # = Proton # + Neutron # Neutron # = Mass # - Proton #

First Level Second Level Third Level Electron Shell Level Maximum Number of Electrons in each Shell First Level ? Second Level Third Level

Electron Energy Levels Maximum Number of Electrons in that energy level. First Level 2 Second Level 8 Third Level

Show the number of electrons in each shell(level) for the element Oxygen

What is an ION?

An ION is when an atom has gained or lost an electron(s) in the outer most shell. Atom loses electron →it becomes (+) Atom gains electron →it becomes (-) Sodium loses an electron Becomes (+) Chloride gains an electron Becomes (-) Na + CL → Na⁺CL⁻

OK, now you know what an ion is, so what is an ionic bond?

When one atom loses an electron and another gains an electron and a compound is formed. (NO SHARING) NaCl

What is a covalent bond? Think:

Covalent bond is when two atoms are sharing electrons in a compound.

What are…..

Neutron # has changed in the element and changes Mass # Neutron # has changed in the element and changes Mass #. Proton # never changes!! Isotopes of Carbon

Hint: It’s not the skateboarding company! What is an ? Hint: It’s not the skateboarding company!

An element is “pure stuff”. It is only one kind of atom in matter such as pure gold (Au) from the periodic table. Other Examples: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Sodium Phosphorous

Define: Molecule Compound

2 or more atoms chemically combined Molecule Compound Same Definition: 2 or more atoms chemically combined

What elements make up the molecule water? How many of each?

2 atoms of Hydrogen and 1 atom of Oxygen (+) H (+) O (-) See a resemblance?

Chemical and Physical

What is the difference??

Physical changes keep the matter in the same chemical formula just change shape or state Chemical changes are the formation of an entirely new compound with a different chemical formula than the original compound.

What does a pH scale indicate (do not say the pH number) What does a pH scale indicate (do not say the pH number). It is the concentration of ___?___ in a solution.

What does a pH scale indicate (do not say the pH number) What does a pH scale indicate (do not say the pH number). It is the concentration of Hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution. Strong Acid Weak Acid pH= 1,2,3 pH=4,5,6 Neutral pH = 7 Weak Base Strong Base pH= 8,9,10 pH=11, 12, 13, 14

What is a buffer? Don’t have a clue? We have been dealing with pH, so it probably has something to do with pH HOMEOSTASIS

A weak acid or weak base that can react with strong acids or bases to help maintain pH HOMEOSTASIS

Define & Give and Example: Solute Solvent Solution

Solvent : What does the dissolving Ex: WATER Solute: What is dissolved by the solvent Ex: SALT Solution: When a solute is dissolved into a solvent Ex: Salt + Water

What is the name for a type of mixture that there is NO DISSOLVING taking place?

Suspension Examples: Sand + Water Oil + Vinegar

What is COHESION?

COHESION? Same molecules sticking together Water + Water

What is Adhesion?

2 different molecules that stick together What is ADHESION? 2 different molecules that stick together Ex: Water and glass

What is the weak bond called that forms between the polar molecules of water?

MACROMOLECULES

???????????

What are the 4 types of macromolecules? They are all organic compounds What is the function of each?

Carbohydrates – Energy & Structure Lipids – Energy storage, membranes, chemical messengers Proteins –movement, pigments, enzymes, immune system, carrying oxygen Nucleic Acids – Heredity, DNA, RNA, ATP

basic building block (monomer) What is the basic building block (monomer) of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides linked together make Polysaccharides

What 3 elements make up all carbohydrates?

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen

What type of carbohydrates do animals and plants store? Glycogen (Sugar) Starch

What type of carbohydrates do animals and plants store? Glycogen (Sugar) Starch

What is cellulose? Hint: We can’t digest it. What is chitin? Hint: On outside of insect

What is cellulose? What is chitin? Carbohydrate of plant cell walls known to us as fiber. MOST ABUNDANT MACROMOLECULE!!! Carbohydrate of insect exoskeletons

What is the building block (monomer) of lipids?

Cell membranes are made up of phospholipids Glycerol + Fatty Acid Chain(s) Cell membranes are made up of phospholipids

basic building block (monomer) What is the basic building block (monomer) of proteins?

AMINO ACIDS

Know the 3 PARTS of an AMINO ACID

Amino Group Acid Group R Group 3 PARTS of an AMINO ACID

What are the 4 elements that are found in proteins?

What are Enzymes? ?

What are Enzymes? Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in our bodies. Biological

Which macromolecule creates pigments for our skin, hair, eyes?

Which macromolecule creates pigments for our skin, hair, eyes? PROTEINS

Nucleic Acids What are the monomers of nucleic acids? Name the 3 parts

NUCLEOTIDES Phosphate group Nitrogen Base 5 Carbon Sugar

What are 3 types of nucleic acids? What are 5 the elements in a nucleic acid?

What are 3 types of nucleic acids? DNA, RNA, ATP What are 5 the elements? C, H, O, N, P

What are the reactants and products of this reaction? Chemical Reactions What are the reactants and products of this reaction? A + B → C

What are the reactants and products of this reaction? Chemical Reactions What are the reactants and products of this reaction? Reactants A + B → C Products

What are the reactants? What are the products?

What are the reactants? 2H₂ and O₂ What are the products? 2H₂O

What is Activation Energy? What is the difference between Endergonic and Exergonic reactions?

Activation Energy (energy needed to get a reaction started) of Exergonic and Endergonic Reactions Energy Absorbed Energy Released

__________, ___________, and ___________ Energy released during a chemical reaction is in the form of……… __________, ___________, and ___________

Energy released during a chemical reaction is in the form of……… Heat, Light, and or Sound

Enzymes are catalysts in the body that help __________________________. Name the 3 parts

Reactant that needs the help of an enzyme is called a substrate Enzymes are catalysts in the body that help speed up chemical reactions. Must know the 3 parts Reactant that needs the help of an enzyme is called a substrate Lock & Key

What is the difference between reaction A & B? You need to find the answer in your notes.

An enzyme was added to reaction B to lower the activation energy needed for the reaction to take place. A B

You have completed the Biology Chemistry Unit Review! How did you do? Are you ready for the test, or need to study some more?