Bellringer # 6 September 2 Define – archaeologist, anthropologist, artifact, prehistoric What can analyzing sites that are millions of years old tell us about prehistoric life?

Native American Settlement Topic 1 Write on the very top of Page 27 and highlight it.

Unit 2 (page 27) Unit: Louisiana: Settlement and Colonial Legacy Unit Claim: What is the legacy of settlement and colonization on an area's identity? Topic 1 – Native American Settlement

History Standard 2 – Key Events, Ideas, and People Students investigate how key people, ideas, and events influenced the development of modern Louisiana. Describe the influence and contributions of explorers and early Louisiana settlement groups.

Students will learn: about Louisiana’s prehistoric culture. about Native American tribes in LA. location of LA’s tribes. contributions of LA’s tribes. treatment of tribes by European settlers.

Prehistoric Culture Vocabulary (page 32) archaeology – the study of the remains of the past anthropology - studies the origins and development of human beings and their cultures artifact - object produced by humans, especially a tool, weapon, or ornament historical interest

Prehistoric Culture Vocabulary (page 32) prehistoric – period before writing

Prehistoric Culture Vocabulary (page 27) Old Stone Age – Paleolithic Period, all people were hunters & gatherers nomads – people who wander from place to place (nomadic) New Stone Age – Neolithic Period, people began to cultivate plants & domesticate animals

Prehistoric Culture Vocabulary (page 27) cultivate – to prepare and use land for raising crops, marked the beginning of the New Stone Age domesticate – to tame animals in order to make them useful to people civilization – a society that has achieved a high level of culture including the start of government, religion & cities

Prehistoric Culture Vocabulary (page 32) polytheism – belief in many gods monotheism – belief in one God

Inhabiting North America (page 33) Scientists believe that the first human to inhabit North America migrated from Asia about 20,000 years ago. They crossed a land bridge known as Beringia. Beringia once connected present day Russia to Alaska.

Beringia - Late Wisconsin Glaciation

Berengia - Deglaciation Period

Beringia - Present Day

Map page 144

Inhabiting North America (page 33) Today Beringia no longer exists. The Bering Strait is about 50 miles wide at its narrowest point.

Prehistoric Native Americans (page 34) Native Americans are the first inhabitants of Western Hemisphere, especially North America. Lived in Louisiana for thousands of years before Europeans arrived. Groups are classified into period according to how they lived.

Paleo-Indians 10,000 – 6,000 BC (page 34) Oldest group in Louisiana Nomads that followed the animals that they hunted Paleo-Indians slaying a mammoth http://www.crt.state.la.us/archaeology/virtualbooks/LAPREHIS/paleo.htm

Paleo-Indians (page 28) Ate wide range of plants and animals Used 3-inch stone points attached to wooden poles Lived in temporary shelters Made clothing out of animal skins

Early Paleo-Indian Point http://www. crt. state. la

Meso-Indians 7,500 – 2,000 BC (page 34) Stayed in one place longer Hunter using an Atlatl http://www.crt.state.la.us/archaeology/virtualbooks/LAPREHIS/paleo.htm

Meso-Indians (page 34) Built houses and first mounds for special ceremonies Hunted smaller animals like deer, rabbits, and raccoons Ate seeds, roots, nuts, and fruits Used spears of varied sizes and added atlatl (throwing stick) Made baskets, fish hooks, hairpins

Meso Indian Four Points and a Drill http://www. crt. state. la

Early Neo Indians 2,000 BC – 800 AD (page 34) Made first pottery and bow & arrow Lived in villages Started trade A Tchefuncte Indian campsite http://www.crt.state.la.us/archaeology/virtualbooks/LAPREHIS/ppt.htm

Early Neo Indians (page 34) Made elaborate ornaments like bracelets, beads, animal tooth pendants, and pottery pipes Buried items with dead

Late Neo Indians 800 – 1600 AD (page 34) Built permanent homes and temple mounds Ceremonialism at a historic Indian mound site http://www.crt.state.la.us/archaeology/virtualbooks/LAPREHIS/plaqu.htm

Late Neo Indians (page 34) Planted and ate maize (corn) beans, squash and pumpkins Used pottery

Early and Late Paleo-Indian Period Stone Points http://www. crt. state

Poverty Point Indians (page 35) Culture belonged to Early Neo-Indian Period Political & religious centers located in Louisiana, Arkansas, and Mississippi Built huge earthworks or mounds.

How did site get its name? Not called Poverty Point by its builders. Builders had no written language. Site named after the Poverty Point plantation which was located on the same land.

Poverty Point’s Location http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_Point

An aerial view reveals the circular pattern of ancient American earthworks at Poverty Point. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_Point

Mound Poverty Point http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_Point

Plan of Poverty Point and environs Plan of Poverty Point and environs. The site gets its name from the nineteenth-century cotton plantation of which it was then part. Sarah's Mount, located at the southern end of the plaza, is named for one of the early owners of the plantation. Drawing by John L. Gibson.

Poverty Point Archaeological Site (page 31) Site is enormous in size, has unusual artifacts, and was once a regional cultural center. Indians built the mounds and ridges about 3,500 year ago. Largest earthworks site in Louisiana.

Poverty Point Archaeological Site (page 31) Extremely important site still being excavated. Truly one of Louisiana’s most precious non-renewable resources. World Heritage site - are places of cultural importance or natural heritage

Bellringer # How did Europeans change life for Native Americans? Give at least three examples in complete sentences. In your opinion, was Columbus a hero or a villain? Answer in at least three sentences.

Historic Native Americans (page 33) Historic period began when the Europeans arrived in Louisiana and began keeping written records about NA life. Europeans brought diseases to North America. Natives had no immunity to the diseases and died by the millions.

Historic Native Tribes (page 33) Natchez Caddo Choctaw Houma Chitimacha Coushatta

Native Tribes Map Coushatta

Natchez Natchez, MS and Northeast LA Had a class system Used tattoos to show status Made pottery & decorated clothing Displaced by French so descendants mixed with other tribes

Grand Village of the Natchez Indians http://allthingsnatchez.com/aboutus.aspx

Native Tribes Map

Caddo Red River Region, Northwest Louisiana Hunted from horseback & traded Keep cattle, horses, and poultry Sold land to US for cash & goods Moved to reservations in Oklahoma and Mississippi

Caddo Indians http://home.ix.netcom.com/~wandaron/caddo.html

Native Tribes Map

Choctaw Southeastern Mississippi and Louisiana as well as Georgia and Alabama Lived in permanent towns Made blowguns & baskets Gave up land to US and moved to reservations, some descendants still live in LA

Choctaw Basket http://rugrabbit.com/Item/choctaw-indians-work-basket-hand-woven-twill-plaited-river-cane-mississippi-southe

Native Tribes Map

Houma Feliciana, Ascension, and Terrebonne Parishes Used crawfish as a symbol Weaving, woodcarving, and palmetto baskets Sold land to Acadians Live in Terrebonne and Lafourche parishes

Native Tribes Map

Chitimacha Southeastern Louisiana Ruled by a chief, women could hold power Closed society Rituals in dance house Live on reservations in St Mary’s Parish

Native Tribes Map

Bellringer # The Caddo Treaty result in the removal of the Caddo Tribe from Louisiana. What reasons were given by the US government for the need to move the Caddo? Who benefited from the treaty?

Coushatta South central Louisiana Lived in clans Families had totems Weaving & blowguns Bought land in Allen Parish

Native Tribes Map Coushatta

Lesson Closure (page 36) Indian Removal: The Caddo Treaty Read page 156 about Jackson’s Removal Policy. Read page 170 about the Caddo Treaty. Answer questions using RACES #1,2,3,5. #4 BONUS

Poverty Point Archaeological Site (page 31) Poverty Point is not the only mound building site in Louisiana. Louisiana has an abundance of ancient earthworks constructed by the original inhabitants of land. There are many different types of mounds built for a various reasons.